The Gambia

3.1. Early History and European Contact

Arab traders provided the first written accounts of The Gambia area in the ninth and tenth centuries. During the tenth century, Muslim merchants and scholars established communities in several West African commercial centers, utilizing trans-Saharan trade routes. These routes facilitated the export of goods like gold and ivory, and tragically, also the trade of local people captured and sold as slaves. By the 11th or 12th century, rulers of kingdoms such as Takrur, ancient Ghana, and Gao had converted to Islam and appointed Muslims literate in Arabic to their courts.

In the 13th century, the Mali Empire extended its influence over much of the region that is today The Gambia. Mandinka traders spread Islam further during this period. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the area by sea, arriving in the mid-15th century. They initially sought trade in gold and spices but soon became involved in the burgeoning transatlantic slave trade. While the Portuguese established some trading posts, they did not create significant permanent settlements. The Gambia River became a key route for transporting enslaved Africans from the interior to the coast for sale to European traders. Various local kingdoms existed along the river, sometimes clashing or allying with European powers. The Senegambian stone circles, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, date from this broader period, with construction spanning from the 3rd century BC to the 16th century AD, attesting to earlier complex societies in the region.

3.2. Colonial Era

The colonial era in The Gambia was marked by competition among European powers for control of the lucrative trade routes, particularly the Gambia River, and the devastating impact of the transatlantic slave trade, eventually leading to British dominance.
In 1588, António, Prior of Crato, a claimant to the Portuguese throne, sold exclusive trade rights on the Gambia River to English merchants, a grant confirmed by Queen Elizabeth I. In 1618, King James I of England granted a charter to an English company for trade with The Gambia and the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana). Between 1651 and 1661, parts of The Gambia, including St. Andrew's Island (now Kunta Kinteh Island) with Fort Jakob, St. Mary Island (modern Banjul), and Fort Jillifree, came under the rule of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now part of Latvia), purchased by Prince Jacob Kettler. These holdings were formally ceded to England in 1664.
Throughout the late 17th and 18th centuries, the British Empire and the French Empire vied for political and commercial supremacy in the Senegambia region. The British captured Senegal in 1758, and an expedition led by Augustus Keppel subsequently occupied The Gambia. The 1783 Treaty of Versailles formally granted Great Britain possession of the Gambia River, though France retained a small enclave at Albreda on the river's north bank, which was eventually ceded to the United Kingdom in 1856.

The transatlantic slave trade had a profound and devastating impact on the region. It is estimated that as many as three million people were enslaved from this general area over the three centuries of the trade. Many were captured in intertribal wars, sold to cover debts, or kidnapped, often by other Africans who then sold them to Europeans. Initially, enslaved people were sent to Europe as servants, but the demand for labor in the West Indies and North America surged in the 18th century, intensifying the trade. In 1807, the United Kingdom abolished the slave trade throughout its empire and attempted to suppress it in The Gambia, though with limited immediate success. The Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron intercepted slave ships, and many liberated Africans were resettled in The Gambia, particularly on MacCarthy Island (now Janjanbureh Island), where they were expected to build new lives. The British established the military post of Bathurst (now Banjul) in 1816, partly to control the river and enforce the abolition of the slave trade. The remains of this era, including Kunta Kinteh Island and its related sites, are now UNESCO World Heritage sites, bearing witness to this dark period.

3.2.1. British Rule and Protectorate (1821-1965)

Following the establishment of Bathurst, the settlement and surrounding areas were at times administered under the British Governor-General in Sierra Leone. In 1888, The Gambia became a separate Crown Colony. An Anglo-French agreement in 1889 defined the present-day, somewhat arbitrary, borders of The Gambia, creating a narrow enclave within French Senegal. The process of demarcating these borders, which began with the placement of boundary markers in 1891, took nearly 15 years and faced resistance from local leaders whose lands were being divided. This resulted in British control over an area approximately 10 mile north and south of the Gambia River.
In 1902, the territory was administratively divided into the Colony (the city of Bathurst and its environs) and the Protectorate (the remainder of the territory along the river). The Gambia received its own executive and legislative councils in 1901, marking gradual steps towards self-government. Slavery was officially abolished in the Protectorate in 1906, and after a brief conflict between British colonial forces and indigenous Gambians, British colonial authority was firmly established. Colonial policies significantly impacted local societies and economies, often prioritizing British commercial interests, particularly the cultivation and export of peanuts, which became the mainstay of the colonial economy.

During World War II, Gambian soldiers fought with the Allies of World War II, primarily in the Burma campaign. Banjul served as an airstrip for the US Army Air Forces and a port of call for Allied naval convoys. After the war, the pace of constitutional reform accelerated. Following general elections in 1962, the United Kingdom granted full internal self-governance in 1963, paving the way for full independence.

3.3. Post-Independence Era

The post-independence era in The Gambia has been characterized by periods of democratic governance, coup d'états, authoritarian rule, and a recent return to democratic processes, alongside ongoing socio-economic challenges.

3.3.1. Dawda Jawara Presidency (1965-1994)

The Gambia achieved independence on February 18, 1965, as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations, with Queen Elizabeth II as the Queen of The Gambia, represented by a Governor-General. Dawda Jawara of the People's Progressive Party (PPP) became the country's first Prime Minister. Shortly after independence, a referendum was held on transitioning to a republic, but it failed to achieve the necessary two-thirds majority. However, a second referendum in 1970 was successful, and The Gambia became a republic on April 24, 1970, with Dawda Jawara assuming the newly created office of President, an executive post combining head of state and head of government.
Jawara's presidency, spanning nearly three decades, was marked by a commitment to multi-party democracy, regular elections (which his PPP consistently won), and respect for human rights, making The Gambia an oasis of stability in a region often plagued by political turmoil. However, the economy remained heavily reliant on peanut exports and faced vulnerabilities.
In July 1981, while Jawara was in London attending the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana, a coup attempt was launched by leftist elements led by Kukoi Samba Sanyang of the Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party (SRLP) and disaffected members of the Field Force (the country's paramilitary). Jawara requested military assistance from Senegal, which intervened under a mutual defense agreement. Senegalese troops, eventually numbering around 2,700, suppressed the coup after several days of fighting that resulted in an estimated 500 to 800 deaths.
The 1981 coup attempt led to closer ties with Senegal, culminating in the formation of the Senegambia Confederation in February 1982. The confederation aimed to integrate the armed forces, economies, and currencies of the two nations. However, concerns in The Gambia about potential Senegalese domination and disputes over the pace and scope of integration led to its dissolution in 1989. Despite maintaining democratic institutions, Jawara's long rule faced increasing accusations of corruption and economic mismanagement in its later years, contributing to growing discontent.

3.3.2. Yahya Jammeh Regime (1994-2017)

On July 22, 1994, President Dawda Jawara was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by a group of young army officers, including Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh, then 29 years old. The coup leaders formed the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC), with Jammeh as its chairman and head of state. The AFPRC suspended the constitution, banned political activity, and promised a transition back to civilian rule.
A new constitution was approved by referendum in August 1996, followed by a presidential election in September 1996, which Jammeh won after transforming his image from a military ruler to a civilian candidate under the banner of his newly formed party, the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC). Legislative elections were held in January 1997.
Jammeh's 22-year rule became increasingly authoritarian and characterized by the severe suppression of political dissent, harassment and imprisonment of opposition figures and journalists, and widespread human rights abuses, including torture, extrajudicial killings, and forced disappearances. His regime cultivated a climate of fear, and state institutions, including the judiciary and security services like the notorious National Intelligence Agency (NIA), were often used to silence critics. Jammeh made erratic pronouncements, such as claiming to have a herbal cure for AIDS and threatening homosexuals.
In October 2013, Jammeh unilaterally withdrew The Gambia from the Commonwealth of Nations, calling it a "neo-colonial institution." In December 2015, he declared The Gambia an Islamic republic, a move largely seen as symbolic and not fully implemented constitutionally, but which raised concerns among the Christian minority and international observers.

The lead-up to the December 2016 presidential election was tense. Solo Sandeng, a youth leader of the main opposition United Democratic Party (UDP), died in NIA custody, and UDP leader Ousainou Darboe and other senior party members were jailed for protesting Sandeng's death. Despite the repressive environment, a coalition of seven opposition parties united behind a single candidate, Adama Barrow. In a surprise result, Barrow was declared the winner of the December 1, 2016, election. Jammeh initially conceded defeat but, a week later, annulled the results, citing alleged irregularities, and called for a new election, plunging the country into a constitutional crisis.
Jammeh's refusal to cede power was met with regional and international condemnation. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) attempted mediation, but when this failed, it authorized a military intervention. On January 19, 2017, the day Jammeh's term officially expired, Adama Barrow was sworn in as president at the Gambian embassy in Dakar, Senegal. ECOWAS forces, led by Senegal, entered The Gambia. Facing overwhelming military pressure and the loss of support from his own army, Jammeh finally agreed to step down on January 21, 2017, and went into exile in Equatorial Guinea.

3.3.3. Adama Barrow Presidency (2017-present)

Adama Barrow's presidency began with a wave of optimism and a focus on democratic reforms and national reconciliation after 22 years of authoritarian rule under Yahya Jammeh. One of his first acts, in January 2017, was to revert the country's name from the "Islamic Republic of The Gambia" back to the "Republic of The Gambia." His administration also quickly initiated the process of rejoining international bodies from which Jammeh had withdrawn. The Gambia officially rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations on February 8, 2018.
A key priority for the Barrow government has been addressing the legacy of human rights abuses committed during the Jammeh era. The Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission (TRRC) was established in 2017 to investigate these abuses, provide a platform for victims to share their stories, and make recommendations for accountability and healing. The TRRC held public hearings that revealed the extent of state-sponsored violence and corruption under Jammeh.
Constitutional and security sector reforms have also been high on the agenda. Efforts to draft a new constitution aimed at strengthening democratic safeguards, including presidential term limits, have been undertaken, though the process has faced political challenges. Reforming the security services, which were heavily implicated in human rights violations under Jammeh, to ensure they operate under democratic oversight and respect for human rights, is an ongoing task.
President Barrow's government has worked to re-engage with international partners to secure development aid and investment. The country faces significant socio-economic challenges, including high youth unemployment, poverty, and the need to diversify an economy heavily reliant on tourism and agriculture. The Barrow administration has also had to navigate a complex political landscape, including managing the expectations of the diverse coalition that brought him to power and dealing with remnants of Jammeh's APRC party.
Adama Barrow won re-election in the presidential election held on December 4, 2021. The election was generally considered free and fair by observers, marking another step in the country's democratic consolidation. However, challenges remain, including ensuring accountability for past crimes, delivering on economic development, and strengthening democratic institutions. In December 2022, the government announced it had foiled a coup attempt by soldiers, leading to several arrests, although the armed forces initially denied such an attempt occurred. Barrow's reliance on foreign troops for security has reportedly impacted his popularity. The activist Jaha Dukureh was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2018 for her work combating female genital mutilation.

4.1. Topography and Borders

The Gambia is an elongated country whose borders largely mirror the meandering course of the Gambia River. It lies between latitudes 13°N and 14°N, and longitudes 13°W and 17°W. The country is less than 31 mile ^{(50 km)} wide at its widest point, with a total area of 4.4 K mile^{2 (11.29 K km2)}. Approximately 0.5 K mile^{2 (1.30 K km2)} (11.5%) of The Gambia's area is covered by water.
It is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal, except for its 50 mile ^{(80 km)} coastline on the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The present boundaries were established by an agreement between the United Kingdom and France in 1889. During negotiations, the French initially granted the British control of about 200 mile of the Gambia River. The subsequent demarcation process, which took nearly 15 years, resulted in a series of straight lines and arcs that gave the British control over areas extending approximately 10 mile north and south of the river. This unique geographical configuration has led to close socio-economic ties and complex political relations with Senegal. The terrain is predominantly flat, low-lying savanna, with the Gambia River valley being the most prominent feature. The highest point is an unnamed location at 174 ft ^{(53 m)} above sea level.

4.2. Climate

The Gambia has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw), characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The rainy season typically lasts from June to September or October, bringing the majority of the annual precipitation. During this period, humidity is high, and temperatures are warm. The dry season, from November to May, is characterized by lower temperatures, reduced humidity, and minimal rainfall, with the Harmattan wind occasionally bringing dust from the Sahara.
Average temperatures vary across the country, but generally, coastal areas are slightly cooler than inland regions. Annual rainfall averages around 0.0 K in ^{(1.00 K mm)} but can fluctuate significantly from year to year. The climate closely resembles that of neighboring Senegal, southern Mali, and the northern part of Guinea.

4.3. Wildlife

The Gambia is home to a diverse range of wildlife, reflecting its varied habitats, from the riverine ecosystems to savanna woodlands. The country contains three terrestrial ecoregions: the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves. It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.56/10, ranking it 120th globally out of 172 countries.
The Gambia River and its associated wetlands are particularly rich in biodiversity, supporting numerous species of fish, reptiles (including Nile crocodiles and various snakes), and mammals such as hippopotamuses and manatees. The mangrove forests along the river estuary are crucial breeding grounds for fish and crustaceans and provide habitat for many bird species.
The Gambia is renowned for its birdlife, with over 500 species recorded, making it a popular destination for birdwatching. Notable species include various kingfishers, bee-eaters, hornbills, raptors, and migratory Palearctic birds that winter in the area.
Several national parks and reserves have been established to protect the country's flora and fauna. These include the Kiang West National Park, Niumi National Park, and the Abuko Nature Reserve, one of the oldest protected areas in Africa. These reserves are home to mammals like bushbuck, various monkey species (such as green monkeys, red colobus monkeys, and patas monkeys), warthogs, and smaller carnivores. Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection, anti-poaching measures, and promoting sustainable ecotourism. Challenges include habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, deforestation for fuelwood, and the impacts of climate change.

5.1. Governance Structure

The Gambia operates under a constitution that provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The current constitution, adopted in 1996 and subsequently amended, is under review as of 2018, with proposals for further reforms, including presidential term limits, aimed at enhancing governance structures.
The executive branch is headed by the President, who is both the head of state and head of government. The President is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term, with no term limits under the current constitution, though this is a subject of reform discussions. The President appoints the Vice-President and Cabinet ministers, who are responsible for various government departments. The President also holds the position of commander-in-chief of the Gambia Armed Forces.
The legislative branch is vested in the unicameral National Assembly. It comprises 58 members: 53 are directly elected from single-member constituencies for five-year terms using a simple majority (first-past-the-post) system, and 5 are appointed by the President. The National Assembly is responsible for enacting laws, overseeing the executive, and approving the national budget.
The judicial branch is independent and headed by the Supreme Court, which is the highest court of appeal. The judiciary also includes the Court of Appeal, the High Court, and magistrates' courts. Judges are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission. Efforts have been made since 2017 to strengthen judicial independence, which was compromised during the Jammeh regime.

5.2. Political System and Elections

The Gambia has a multi-party political system, although its history has seen periods of de facto one-party dominance. During the Dawda Jawara era (1965-1994), the People's Progressive Party (PPP) was the ruling party. While competitive politics existed in principle, the PPP maintained a consistent majority. Other parties during this period included the United Party (UP) and later the National Convention Party (NCP) and the socialist People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism (PDOIS).
Following the 1994 coup, Yahya Jammeh's Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC) became the dominant political force, ruling until 2016. Jammeh's regime systematically repressed opposition parties and curtailed political freedoms.
The 2016 presidential election marked a significant turning point. A coalition of opposition parties backed Adama Barrow, who defeated Jammeh. Jammeh's initial refusal to cede power led to a constitutional crisis resolved by ECOWAS intervention. This event ushered in a new era of political pluralism. Key political parties in the post-2017 era include Barrow's National People's Party (NPP) (formed after he left the UDP), the United Democratic Party (UDP) (which was the main opposition under Jammeh and initially backed Barrow), the APRC, PDOIS, and several others.
Elections for the President and the National Assembly are conducted by the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). Presidential elections are held every five years using a simple majority system where the candidate with the most votes wins. National Assembly elections also occur every five years. The country employs a unique voting system using marbles instead of paper ballots, where voters drop a marble into a drum corresponding to their chosen candidate. This system was introduced to accommodate high illiteracy rates and is considered transparent.
Significant political developments since 2017 include efforts to reform electoral laws, promote inter-party dialogue, and ensure a level playing field for all political actors. According to the 2023 V-Dem Democracy Indices, The Gambia is ranked 68th of 179 nations worldwide and 11th of 56 in Africa in terms of democratic quality. President Adama Barrow won re-election in the December 2021 presidential election, which was generally deemed free and fair.

5.3. Administrative Divisions

The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas (LGAs). These LGAs include the capital city, Banjul, which is classified as a city, and five Regions (formerly Divisions) and two Municipalities. The creation of these divisions is overseen by the Independent Electoral Commission in accordance with Article 192 of the National Constitution. The LGAs are responsible for local administration and development.
The eight local government areas are:
1. Banjul (City)
2. Kanifing (Municipality)
3. Brikama (Region, formerly Western Region/Division)
4. Mansa Konko (Region, formerly Lower River Region/Division)
5. Kerewan (Region, formerly North Bank Region/Division)
6. Kuntaur (Region, created from the western part of the former Central River Division)
7. Janjanbureh (Region, created from the eastern part of the former Central River Division)
8. Basse (Region, formerly Upper River Region/Division)

These local government areas are further subdivided into 43 districts. Kanifing LGA and Kombo Saint Mary District (within Brikama LGA) effectively form part of the Greater Banjul Area. Each LGA is headed by a Governor (for regions) or a Mayor (for Banjul and Kanifing Municipality), and has an elected council.

5.4. Human Rights

The human rights situation in The Gambia has seen significant changes, particularly following the end of Yahya Jammeh's authoritarian rule in 2017. Under Jammeh, the country experienced severe human rights violations, including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture, extrajudicial killings, and suppression of freedom of expression and assembly. Journalists, human rights defenders, political opponents, and perceived critics of the regime were frequently targeted. For example, journalist Deyda Hydara was murdered in 2004, and another reporter, Ebrima Manneh, disappeared in 2006 and is believed to have died in custody. Student protests in April 2000 resulted in a massacre.
Since President Adama Barrow assumed office, there have been notable improvements in the human rights environment. The government has taken steps to repeal repressive laws, release political prisoners, and allow for greater media freedom and civil society activism. The establishment of the Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission (TRRC) was a major step towards addressing past abuses and seeking accountability. The TRRC's findings and recommendations are crucial for justice and institutional reform.
Despite progress, challenges remain. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is prevalent, with an estimated 78.3% of Gambian girls and women having undergone the practice according to the World Health Organization, although it was outlawed in 2015. Efforts to enforce the ban and change societal attitudes are ongoing. Gambian activist Jaha Dukureh has been internationally recognized for her work against FGM.
LGBTQ+ rights remain a contentious issue. Same-sex sexual activity is criminalized and punishable by life imprisonment under a law passed during the Jammeh era. While the Barrow administration has stated it would not actively prosecute consenting adults in private, the discriminatory law has not been repealed, and societal stigma against LGBTQ+ individuals persists.
Freedom of expression has improved, but some concerns about self-censorship and occasional harassment of journalists linger. Prison conditions and the justice system still require significant reform to meet international standards. The government is working on constitutional and legal reforms to strengthen human rights protections and ensure that past abuses are not repeated. The protection of vulnerable groups, including women, children, and minorities, remains a priority for human rights organizations working in the country.

6.1. Relations with Senegal

The Gambia's relationship with Senegal is unique and of paramount importance due to geography and shared cultural ties. The Gambia is an enclave within Senegal, except for its Atlantic coastline, making cooperation essential for trade, transportation, and security. Historically, relations have fluctuated. The two countries formed the Senegambia Confederation from 1982 to 1989, aiming for closer political and economic integration, but it dissolved due to Gambian concerns about sovereignty.
Under Yahya Jammeh, relations with Senegal were often tense, with Jammeh accusing Senegal of harboring dissidents and supporting rebel groups in Senegal's Casamance region. Senegal played a leading role in the ECOWAS military intervention in 2017 that compelled Jammeh to cede power, highlighting Senegal's critical role in Gambian political stability. Since Adama Barrow came to power, relations have improved significantly. The two countries collaborate on issues such as border security, trade facilitation (including the Senegambia Bridge, which has eased transit), and regional stability.

6.2. Relations with Other Major Powers

• United Kingdom: As the former colonial power, the UK maintains significant ties with The Gambia. Relations soured under Jammeh, particularly after The Gambia's withdrawal from the Commonwealth. However, since 2017, ties have been revitalized. The UK has supported The Gambia's return to the Commonwealth, democratic reforms, and efforts to address past human rights abuses. Boris Johnson was the first British Foreign Secretary to visit The Gambia since its independence.
• United States: The U.S. had strained relations with The Gambia under Jammeh due to human rights concerns, leading to the suspension of most non-humanitarian aid. Relations have improved under Barrow, with the U.S. supporting Gambia's democratic transition, security sector reform, and justice initiatives.
• European Union: The EU is a major development and trade partner for The Gambia. It suspended aid during the Jammeh regime due to human rights violations but resumed and significantly increased support following the democratic transition in 2017. EU assistance focuses on governance, economic development, and job creation.
• People's Republic of China: The Gambia initially recognized the Republic of China (Taiwan). In 1995, Jammeh switched diplomatic recognition to Taiwan. However, in 2013, Jammeh severed ties with Taiwan, and in 2016, The Gambia re-established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. China has since become an increasingly important economic partner, investing in infrastructure projects as part of its Belt and Road Initiative.

6.3. Membership in International Organizations

The Gambia has actively sought to reintegrate into the international community since 2017. Key memberships include:

• Commonwealth of Nations: The Gambia rejoined the Commonwealth on February 8, 2018, after withdrawing in 2013 under Jammeh.
• Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): The Gambia is a founding member of ECOWAS and plays an active role in the organization. ECOWAS was instrumental in resolving the 2016-2017 constitutional crisis. The Gambia has contributed troops to ECOMOG and ECOMIL peacekeeping missions in Liberia and Sierra Leone.
• United Nations (UN): The Gambia is a member of the UN and its various agencies. It has taken a prominent stance on international justice issues, notably filing a case against Myanmar at the International Court of Justice in 2019 concerning the Rohingya genocide. In 2017, Gambia signed the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
• African Union (AU): The Gambia is an active member of the AU, participating in continental efforts towards peace, security, and development.
• Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Reflecting its majority Muslim population, The Gambia is a member of the OIC and participates in its activities.

The Gambia also maintains relations with countries like Libya (suspended in 2010 under Jammeh) and Cuba.

8.1. Economic Overview

The Gambia has a liberal economic framework, historically characterized by its dependence on peanut (groundnut) exports. The Port of Banjul facilitates a significant re-export trade, benefiting from relatively low import duties and minimal administrative procedures. The country maintains a fluctuating exchange rate with no exchange controls.
The World Bank estimated The Gambia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at 1.62 B USD in 2018. From 2006 to 2012, the economy experienced annual growth rates of 5-6%. However, growth has been inconsistent, affected by political instability, climatic conditions impacting agriculture, and global economic trends like the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on tourism.
Poverty remains a significant challenge. In 2022, 17.2% of the population lived in extreme poverty (less than 2.15 USD per day at 2017 PPP rates). Unemployment, especially among youth, is high. The trade balance is typically negative, with imports far exceeding exports. Major trading partners for exports have included Senegal, the United States, and Japan, while imports primarily come from Denmark, the United States, China, the UK, Germany, Ivory Coast, and the Netherlands.

The country has a number of commercial banks, including Standard Chartered Bank, which has been present since 1894. Since 2017, the government has focused on macroeconomic stability, fiscal discipline, and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy and create jobs. The first solar power plant in the country was inaugurated in 2024.

8.2. Key Sectors

The Gambian economy is dominated by a few key sectors, primarily agriculture, tourism, and services related to its role as a trade hub.

8.2.1. Agriculture and Fisheries

Agriculture is the backbone of the Gambian economy, accounting for roughly 30% of GDP and employing about 70% of the labor force. It is predominantly characterized by traditional subsistence farming. Peanuts (groundnuts) have historically been the main cash crop and a significant source of export earnings, though their dominance has declined. Other important crops include millet, sorghum, maize, rice, cassava, and various fruits and vegetables. The livestock sub-sector, including cattle, goats, and sheep, also contributes to rural livelihoods.
The fisheries industry is another vital component, leveraging The Gambia's Atlantic coastline and the Gambia River. It provides food security, employment, and export revenue. Both artisanal and industrial fishing take place. However, the sector faces challenges from overfishing, illegal fishing by foreign trawlers, and environmental degradation. The rise of fish meal factories, often foreign-owned (including Chinese investments under the Belt and Road Initiative), has become controversial. While creating some jobs and export revenue, these factories are criticized for their environmental impact, including depletion of fish stocks vital for local consumption and pollution, thereby affecting the livelihoods of local fishing communities and the tourism sector.

8.2.2. Tourism

Tourism is a critical driver of the Gambian economy, a major source of foreign exchange earnings, and a significant employer. The country is marketed as "The Smiling Coast of Africa," attracting visitors primarily from Europe (especially the UK, Netherlands, and Scandinavian countries) drawn by its sunny beaches, pleasant winter climate (for European tourists), rich birdlife, and cultural experiences.
The main types of tourism are beach holidays, ecotourism (including birdwatching trips along the Gambia River and in nature reserves like Abuko Nature Reserve), and cultural tourism (visiting historical sites like Kunta Kinteh Island and experiencing local music and traditions). The tourism season typically runs from October to April, corresponding with the dry season.
While vital, the tourism sector is vulnerable to external shocks, such as political instability (as seen during the 2016-2017 crisis) and global health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. There are ongoing discussions about the social, cultural, and environmental sustainability of tourism. Concerns include the equitable distribution of tourism revenue to local communities, the potential for cultural commodification, and the environmental impact of coastal development. Efforts are being made to promote community-based tourism and ensure that the benefits are more widely shared.

8.2.3. Trade and Investment

The Gambia has historically served as a re-export hub in West Africa, leveraging its port in Banjul and relatively low tariffs. Goods are imported into The Gambia and then re-exported, often informally, to neighboring countries, particularly Senegal. Key re-export commodities include rice, sugar, flour, and various consumer goods. Major formal exports include groundnuts (though declining), fish and fishery products, and fruits and vegetables. Imports consist mainly of foodstuffs, fuel, manufactured goods, machinery, and transport equipment.
The government has been actively seeking to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to diversify the economy and create employment. Initiatives focus on sectors like agribusiness, light manufacturing, renewable energy, and information technology. The Belt and Road Initiative has seen Chinese investment in infrastructure and industries like fish meal production, though the long-term economic and social implications of such investments are subject to ongoing debate and scrutiny, particularly concerning debt sustainability and local benefits. The investment climate is being improved through reforms aimed at enhancing the ease of doing business and strengthening governance.

10.1. Population Characteristics

As of 2024, The Gambia has an estimated population of approximately 2.77 million people. The population growth rate is high, around 2.3% annually (based on 2013-2024 change). The country has a high population density, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas like the Greater Banjul Area, which includes Banjul, Kanifing, and parts of Brikama.
The urbanization rate was 57.3% as of 2011, and this trend has continued, with more areas being classified as urban. This urban migration brings more Gambians into contact with Western habits and values, although traditional customs and the emphasis on the extended family remain strong.
The age structure is predominantly young, with a large proportion of the population under the age of 15. This youthful demographic presents both opportunities and challenges for development, particularly in terms of education, healthcare, and employment. The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated at 3.98 children per woman in 2013. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI) for 2019 ranked The Gambia 172nd, placing it in the "Low Human Development" category.

10.2. Ethnic Groups

The Gambia is home to a variety of ethnic groups, each contributing to the nation's cultural tapestry. Inter-ethnic relations are generally harmonious, with significant intermarriage and shared cultural practices. The major ethnic groups include:

• Mandinka: The largest ethnic group, constituting about 34% of the population. They are historically influential in the region and their language is widely spoken.
• Fula (also Peul or Fulani): The second largest group, making up around 31% (some sources cite closer to 22-24%). They are traditionally pastoralists but are also involved in trade and agriculture.
• Wolof: Constituting about 11-13% of the population, the Wolof are prominent in urban areas, particularly Banjul, and are influential in commerce and culture. Their language is also widely spoken.
• Jola (or Diola): Making up about 9-11%, the Jola are primarily found in the western and southern parts of the country, in the Foni region.
• Serahule (or Sarahuli, Soninke): Comprising around 7-8% of the population, they are known for their trading activities.
• Serer: A smaller group (around 3%), with cultural and historical links to Senegal.
• Manjago (or Manjak): Constituting about 2% of the population.
• Bambara: A smaller group, around 1%.
• Aku (or Krio): A small but historically significant Creole community, descendants of liberated Africans resettled in Bathurst (Banjul) during the 19th century. They make up about 0.5% of the population and have traditionally been concentrated in the capital.

Other smaller groups include the Bainuk people and Tukulor. There is also a small non-African resident population, including Europeans and families of Lebanese origin (around 0.23% of the total).

10.3. Languages

English is the sole official language of The Gambia, a legacy of British colonial rule. It is used in government, education, the legal system, and media.
However, a multitude of indigenous African languages are widely spoken in daily life. The most prominent include:

• Mandinka: Spoken by about 38% of the population as a first language, it serves as a major lingua franca.
• Pulaar (Fula): Spoken by about 21% of the population.
• Wolof: Spoken by about 18% of the population, particularly in urban areas and as a lingua franca.
• Soninke: Spoken by about 9%.
• Jola-Fonyi: Spoken by about 4.5%.
• Serer-Sine: Spoken by about 2.4%.

Other languages include Manjak, Bainuk, Guinean Creole (Krio), and others spoken by smaller communities. Most Gambians are multilingual. Due to the country's geographical proximity to Francophone Senegal and much of West Africa, knowledge of French is relatively widespread, particularly in border areas and among those involved in regional trade or tourism. Gambian Sign Language is used by the deaf community.

10.4. Religion

The Gambia is a predominantly Muslim country with a tradition of religious tolerance and peaceful coexistence among different faiths.

10.4.1. Islam

Approximately 96% of the Gambian population identifies as Muslim, overwhelmingly adhering to the Sunni branch and largely following the Maliki school of jurisprudence. Sufism is influential, with various Sufi orders (Tariqas) like the Tijaniyya and Qadiriyya having a significant following. Islamic practices are deeply integrated into daily life and culture. Major Muslim holidays such as Eid al-Fitr (Koriteh) and Eid al-Adha (Tobaski) are national holidays, and commercial life often comes to a standstill during these celebrations. There is also a notable presence of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. A small Shi'a Muslim community exists, mainly composed of Lebanese and other Arab immigrants.

10.5. Education

The education system in The Gambia has been undergoing development, with efforts to expand access and improve quality, though challenges remain.

10.5.1. Education System

The Gambian constitution mandates free and compulsory primary education. The formal education system generally follows a 6-3-3-4 structure:

• Primary Education:** 6 years (Grades 1-6), typically for ages 7-13.
• Lower Basic Education:** (Often combined with upper primary to form a 9-year basic cycle).
• Upper Basic Education / Junior Secondary School:** 3 years (Grades 7-9).
• Senior Secondary School:** 3 years (Grades 10-12).
• Tertiary Education:** Varies (e.g., 4 years for a bachelor's degree).

In 1995, the gross primary enrollment rate was 77.1%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 64.7%. School fees were a barrier for many, but in February 1998, then-President Jammeh ordered the termination of fees for the first six years of schooling, and this has been expanded by subsequent governments. Girls constitute about 52% of primary school pupils, though enrollment and retention rates for girls can be lower in rural areas due to cultural factors and poverty.
Challenges in the education sector include insufficient resources, a shortage of qualified teachers, inadequate infrastructure (especially in rural areas), and issues with the quality and relevance of the curriculum. Approximately 20% of school-age children also attend Quranic schools (locally known as Dara or Majlis), which focus on Islamic education. Efforts are being made to integrate Quranic education with the formal secular system. Vocational education and technical training (TVET) are also being promoted to address youth unemployment.

10.6. Health

The Gambia faces significant public health challenges common to many developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, although progress has been made in some areas. Key health indicators include a life expectancy of around 62 years (as of recent estimates).
Major prevalent diseases include malaria, respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS. Tuberculosis is also a concern. Non-communicable diseases like hypertension and diabetes are increasingly prevalent. Infant and maternal mortality rates, while having declined, remain relatively high. Malnutrition is also an issue, particularly among children. In the 2024 Global Hunger Index, The Gambia ranks 88th out of 127 countries, with a score indicating a moderate level of hunger.
Healthcare infrastructure is concentrated in urban areas, particularly the Greater Banjul Area, which hosts the main referral hospital, the Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital. There are regional hospitals and a network of health centers and clinics throughout the country, but rural areas often have limited access to comprehensive medical services and qualified personnel. Challenges in the health sector include insufficient funding, a shortage of healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, specialists), inadequate medical supplies and equipment, and the need to strengthen primary healthcare services.
The government, with support from international partners like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and various NGOs, implements public health programs focusing on maternal and child health, immunization, disease prevention and control, and health system strengthening.

11.1. Music

Gambian music is vibrant and diverse, closely linked with the musical traditions of neighboring Senegal. The kora, a 21-stringed lute-bridge-harp, is perhaps the most iconic Gambian instrument, traditionally played by griots (hereditary praise-singers, storytellers, and oral historians of the Mandinka people). Other important traditional instruments include the balafon (a type of xylophone), the djembe and sabar drums, and the xalam (a five-stringed lute).
Contemporary Gambian music often fuses traditional rhythms and melodies with Western genres like reggae, hip hop, R&B, and Afro-pop. Popular musicians and bands perform both locally and internationally. Music plays a central role in social events, ceremonies, and festivals.

11.2. Cuisine

Gambian cuisine features locally sourced ingredients and reflects West African culinary traditions with some influences from historical trade and colonial interactions. Staple foods include rice, millet, and sorghum. Common dishes often incorporate fish (fresh, dried, or smoked), chicken, beef, or lamb, along with vegetables like onions, tomatoes, cassava, sweet potatoes, okra, eggplant, and cabbage.
Peanuts (groundnuts) are a key ingredient, used to make sauces and stews. Popular Gambian dishes include:

• Domoda: A rich peanut butter stew, often made with meat or fish and served with rice. It is considered by many to be the national dish.
• Yassa: A spicy dish made with chicken or fish marinated in lemon juice, onions, and mustard, then stewed and served with rice.
• Benachin (literally "one pot" in Wolof, similar to Jollof rice): A rice dish cooked with tomatoes, vegetables, and meat or fish in a single pot.
• Superkanja: An okra stew.
• Plasas: A stew made with cassava leaves or other green leafy vegetables, often with palm oil and meat or fish.

Oysters, harvested by women from the mangrove swamps along the Gambia River, are also a local delicacy.

11.3. Literature

Gambian literature encompasses a strong oral tradition and a growing body of written works. The oral tradition is epitomized by the griots (jali in Mandinka), who are traditional storytellers, historians, genealogists, and musicians. They preserve and transmit cultural heritage, historical narratives, and social values through epic poems, songs, and proverbs.
Written literature in English began to emerge more prominently in the post-independence era. Lenrie Peters (1932-2009), a surgeon, poet, and novelist, is considered one of the founding figures of modern Gambian literature. Other notable writers include Tijan Sallah (poet and scholar), Nana Grey-Johnson (novelist, playwright, and journalist), and Mariama Khan (poet and filmmaker). Themes explored in Gambian literature often include cultural identity, colonialism and its legacy, social change, political issues, and personal experiences.

11.4. Media and Freedom of Speech

The media landscape in The Gambia includes print newspapers, radio stations, television, and online platforms. Under the authoritarian regime of Yahya Jammeh, freedom of speech and press freedom were severely curtailed. Journalists faced harassment, arbitrary arrest, detention, torture, and exile. Critical media outlets were often suppressed or shut down. The murder of prominent newspaper editor Deyda Hydara in 2004 remains a symbol of this era of repression.
Since the democratic transition in 2017, there has been a significant improvement in media freedom and freedom of expression. Repressive media laws have been subject to review and reform. Many exiled journalists have returned, and new media outlets have emerged. Radio remains the most accessible medium for the majority of the population. The state-run Gambia Radio & Television Service (GRTS) provides national coverage. Several private radio stations and newspapers operate, offering a wider range of views.
Challenges still exist, including the need for further legal reforms to fully guarantee media freedom, professional development for journalists, and ensuring the financial sustainability of independent media. Reporters Without Borders noted improvements in The Gambia's press freedom ranking after Jammeh's departure. Notable newspapers include the government-affiliated Daily Observer (though its status has been complex post-Jammeh), and independent papers like The Point and Foroyaa. In December 2010, Musa Saidykhan, former editor of The Independent newspaper, was awarded 200.00 K USD by the ECOWAS Court, which found the Gambian government guilty of his torture during detention.

11.5. Sports

Several sports are popular in The Gambia, with traditional wrestling and football (soccer) being the most prominent.
Borreh (Gambian wrestling, similar to Senegalese Lutte sénégalaise) is the national sport and a major cultural phenomenon. It combines elements of sport and tradition, with wrestlers (borrekat) often engaging in pre-match rituals and accompanied by drumming and praise-singing. Matches draw large crowds.
Football (soccer) is extremely popular. The Gambia Football Federation (GFF) administers the sport, including the national leagues (such as the GFA League First Division) and the Gambia national football team, nicknamed "The Scorpions." The Scorpions made their historic debut at the Africa Cup of Nations in the 2021 edition, reaching the quarter-finals in a celebrated run. They also qualified for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations. The national stadium is Independence Stadium in Bakau. The Gambia has achieved success at youth levels, winning the CAF U-17 Championship in 2005 (when it hosted) and 2009, and participating in several FIFA U-17 and U-20 World Cups. The women's U-17 team competed in the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in 2012.

Other popular sports include basketball, athletics, and volleyball. The Gambia has participated in the Olympic Games since 1984, though it has not yet won an Olympic medal. The Gambia also fields a national team in beach volleyball, which has competed in continental cups.

11.6. World Heritage Sites

The Gambia is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, recognized for their outstanding cultural and historical significance:
1. Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites: Inscribed in 2003, this site comprises Kunta Kinteh Island (formerly James Island) and several related locations on the banks of the Gambia River. These sites bear testimony to the complex interactions between Africans and Europeans from the 15th to the 19th centuries, particularly in relation to the transatlantic slave trade. Kunta Kinteh Island was a major slave trading post. The site also includes remnants of early European settlements, forts, and trading stations, and is famously associated with the story of Kunta Kinte, the protagonist of Alex Haley's novel Roots.
2. Senegambian Stone Circles: Inscribed in 2006 (shared with Senegal), this site consists of four large groups of megalithic stone circles: Wassu and Kerbatch in The Gambia, and Sine Ngayène and Wanar in Senegal. These circles, made of laterite pillars, are part of a larger concentration of over 1,000 stone circles and tumuli spread across a 217 mile ^{(350 km)} long and 62 mile ^{(100 km)} wide band along the Gambia River. They represent an ancient sacred landscape and burial ground, dating from the 3rd century BC to the 16th century AD, reflecting a sophisticated and long-standing civilization in the region. The Wassu circles are the best-known group within The Gambia.

These sites highlight The Gambia's rich historical depth, from pre-colonial societies to the profound impacts of European arrival and the slave trade.

11.7. Public Holidays

The Gambia observes a number of public holidays, which include both national and religious celebrations reflecting its cultural and religious diversity. Official public holidays typically include:

• January 1**: New Year's Day
• February 18**: Independence Day (commemorating independence from the UK in 1965)
• May 1**: Workers' Day (May Day)
• July 22**: Revolution Day (commemorating the 1994 coup, though its observance has been contentious since 2017)
• August 15**: Feast of the Assumption (Christian holiday)
• December 25**: Christmas Day (Christian holiday)

Islamic holidays are also public holidays, but their dates vary annually according to the Islamic calendar:

• Mawlid (Gammo): Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad
• Laylat al-Qadr: The Night of Power (during Ramadan)
• Eid al-Fitr (Koriteh): Festival marking the end of Ramadan
• Eid al-Adha (Tobaski): Festival of Sacrifice

Christian holidays based on the lunar calendar:

• Good Friday
• Easter Monday

If a public holiday falls on a Sunday, the following Monday is usually observed as a holiday. The government may also declare additional public holidays on special occasions.