Federated States of Micronesia

2.1. Early History and Indigenous Societies

The ancestors of Micronesians are believed to have settled the islands over four thousand years ago. Linguistic and archaeological evidence suggests that these early settlers were Austronesian-speaking peoples who migrated from Southeast Asia, possibly through the Philippines or Indonesia. They possessed advanced agricultural techniques and sophisticated knowledge of navigation, allowing them to explore and inhabit the widely scattered islands of the region. Over time, a decentralized chieftain-based system evolved. In some areas, this developed into more centralized economic and religious cultures, notably centered on Yap Island.


On Pohnpei Island, the Saudeleur dynasty emerged, unifying the island's estimated 25,000 people from around 500 AD until approximately 1500 AD. The Saudeleur rulers oversaw the construction of Nan Madol, a remarkable UNESCO World Heritage Site. This complex, often called the "Venice of the Pacific," consists of a series of small artificial islands built on coral reefs and linked by a network of canals. Nan Madol served as the ceremonial and political seat of the dynasty. The centralized system eventually collapsed, leading to a more fragmented political landscape.
Similarly, on Kosrae, a sophisticated society developed, characterized by a dynastic rule that lasted from the 14th century until the mid-19th century. The Lelu ruins on Kosrae, featuring massive basalt walls and structures, stand as a testament to this period's architectural and societal achievements.

2.2. European Contact and Colonial Period

European explorers first reached the Caroline Islands in the 16th century. Portuguese navigators, in search of the Spice Islands (Indonesia), were among the first to sight some of the islands, with Diogo da Rocha credited with discovering Yap and Ulithi in 1525. In 1529, the Spanish explorer Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón also encountered parts of the Caroline Islands.

Under the Treaty of Tordesillas, these lands were claimed by Spain. In 1595, Spain formally declared the Mariana and Caroline Islands as its territory, incorporating the archipelago into the Spanish East Indies, administered through the capital, Manila, in the Philippines. However, for much of this period, Spanish influence was limited, primarily focused on sporadic missionary efforts rather than comprehensive colonial administration. The first significant European contact with Kosrae occurred in 1824 with the arrival of a French ship.
In the 19th century, Spain began to assert more direct control, establishing several outposts and missions. In 1887, the Spanish founded the town of Santiago de la Ascensión, now Kolonia, on Pohnpei.

During the 1870s, Germany began to expand its commercial interests and sphere of influence in the Caroline Islands, particularly in trade. This led to the Carolines Question in 1885, a dispute between Spain and Germany over sovereignty. Pope Leo XIII was asked to arbitrate, resulting in a decision that confirmed Spanish authority over the islands but granted Germany free trade access.
Following its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, a weakened Spain sold the Caroline Islands (including the islands that now form the FSM) and Palau to Germany in 1899 under the German-Spanish Treaty (1899). Germany incorporated these islands into its colony of German New Guinea. German administration focused on economic exploitation, particularly copra production. Some remote islands, like Kapingamarangi, were not explicitly named in the treaty, a historical curiosity that Spain acknowledged in 1949 but made no modern claims over.

2.3. Japanese Administration

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Japan, an Allied power, seized Germany's colonial possessions in Micronesia, including the Caroline Islands. Japan had already been strengthening economic ties with the region, and Micronesia's economy was increasingly dependent on trade with Japan. After the war, in 1920, the League of Nations formally granted Japan a mandate to administer these islands, which became known as the South Seas Mandate (南洋庁_Nan'yō-chō^Japanese).

Under Japanese administration, significant changes occurred. The Japanese invested in infrastructure, including electricity, water supply systems, schools, and hospitals, primarily to support Japanese settlers and economic interests. A substantial number of Japanese migrated to the islands; by some estimates, the Japanese population (over 85,000) surpassed the indigenous Micronesian population (around 40,000) during this period. Economic activity was intensified, with sugarcane cultivation, phosphate mining, fishing, and tropical agriculture becoming major industries. For a time, the South Seas Mandate experienced trade surpluses.
However, Japanese rule also brought social and cultural impacts. Indigenous populations were often marginalized, and traditional systems were disrupted. The education system prioritized Japanese language and culture.
During World War II, the islands took on strategic importance for Japan. Chuuk Lagoon (then Truk Lagoon), with its large natural harbor, became a major naval base for the Imperial Japanese Navy, one of its most important strongholds in the Pacific. In February 1944, the United States Navy launched Operation Hailstone, a devastating attack on Truk Lagoon, which destroyed a significant portion of the Japanese fleet stationed there, including many support vessels and aircraft, effectively neutralizing it as a major base. U.S. forces bypassed many other Japanese-held islands in Micronesia after neutralizing their military capabilities. Japan's administration of the islands ended with its surrender in 1945.

2.4. United States Trust Territory

Following World War II, the Caroline Islands, along with other former Japanese mandated territories in Micronesia, came under the control of the United States. In 1947, the United Nations formally established the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), designating the United States as the administering authority under a strategic trusteeship agreement. This agreement, outlined in United Nations Security Council Resolution 21, entrusted the U.S. with promoting the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants and their progressive development towards self-government or independence.

The TTPI was divided into several administrative districts, including Pohnpei (then Ponape), Chuuk (then Truk), Yap, Kosrae (initially part of the Pohnpei district), Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The U.S. administration focused on rebuilding infrastructure damaged during the war, establishing health and education systems, and gradually introducing democratic political institutions. However, the vastness of the territory, its limited economic resources, and Cold War strategic considerations influenced the pace and nature of development. The U.S. also conducted nuclear weapons testing in the Marshall Islands, part of the TTPI, which had profound long-term health and environmental consequences for that region.

In 1965, the United States agreed to the formation of the Congress of Micronesia, a legislative body for the TTPI, marking a significant step towards self-governance. Throughout the late 1960s and 1970s, discussions and negotiations regarding the future political status of the TTPI districts intensified. Different districts expressed varying desires, with some favoring closer ties with the U.S. and others aspiring to full independence.

2.5. Path to Independence

The journey towards self-government and eventual sovereignty for the Federated States of Micronesia was a complex process involving constitutional development, referendums, and negotiations with the United States. In the late 1970s, as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) districts moved towards determining their future political status, a Micronesian Constitutional Convention was convened to draft a constitution for a federated entity.

On July 12, 1978, a referendum on this proposed constitution was held across the TTPI. The districts of Chuuk (then Truk), Pohnpei (then Ponape), Yap, and Kosrae voted to ratify the constitution, choosing to form a federation. The districts of Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands opted for different political paths and did not join this federation.

The Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia came into effect on May 10, 1979, establishing a federal system of government with four constituent states. This marked the beginning of self-governance for the FSM. Tosiwo Nakayama, who had been President of the Congress of Micronesia, became the first President of the FSM.

Concurrently, negotiations were underway with the United States for a Compact of Free Association. This agreement was designed to define the future relationship between the FSM and the U.S., granting the FSM sovereignty while maintaining close ties, including U.S. responsibility for defense and security, and substantial financial assistance from the U.S. The Compact was signed and subsequently approved by FSM voters in a plebiscite. It entered into force on November 3, 1986, signifying the FSM's emergence from trusteeship to de facto independence.

The formal termination of the Trusteeship Agreement with respect to the FSM occurred on December 22, 1990, when the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 683. This officially ended the FSM's status as a trust territory under international law. On September 17, 1991, the Federated States of Micronesia was admitted as a member state of the United Nations, following Security Council Resolution 703 and General Assembly Resolution 46/2. The Compact of Free Association was later renewed and amended, with further financial provisions agreed upon in 2003 (effective 2004) and ongoing discussions for future arrangements.

3.1. Topography and Island Groups

The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands, though estimates sometimes vary, extending approximately 1.8 K mile ^{(2.90 K km)} across the Caroline Islands archipelago, east of the Philippines. The total land area is about 271 mile^{2 (702 km2)}. These islands are grouped into four states: from west to east, Yap, Chuuk (known as Truk until January 1990), Pohnpei (known as Ponape until November 1984), and Kosrae (formerly Kusaie). The nation's capital, Palikir, is located on Pohnpei.

The islands exhibit a variety of geological formations. Each state is centered on one or more main high volcanic islands, which are characterized by rugged, mountainous interiors and fertile coastal plains. Examples include Pohnpei island, which features the country's highest peak, Mount Nanlaud (also known as Nahnalaud) at 2566 ft ^{(782 m)}, and Kosrae. Surrounding these high islands, and comprising many of the outlying islands in Yap and Chuuk states, are numerous atolls. Atolls are low-lying, ring-shaped coral reefs enclosing a central lagoon, formed from submerged volcanic islands.

Two distinct terrestrial ecoregions are found within the FSM: the Carolines tropical moist forests, which cover most of the high islands with lush vegetation and high rainfall, and the Yap tropical dry forests, which experience a more seasonal rainfall pattern. The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.55 out of 10, ranking it 37th globally out of 172 countries, indicating relatively intact forest landscapes.
The extensive marine territory of the FSM, with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of nearly 1.2 M mile^{2 (3.00 M km2)}, is a defining characteristic, making it the 14th largest EEZ in the world. This vast ocean area underscores the nation's deep connection to and reliance on marine resources.

3.2. Climate

The Federated States of Micronesia experiences a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification: Af). The weather is consistently warm, humid, and rainy throughout the year. The islands are situated north of the equator and are influenced by persistent trade winds, which help to moderate the climate.

Average daily temperatures show little seasonal variation. Minimum temperatures generally range from 71.6 °F ^{(22 °C)} to 77 °F ^{(25 °C)}, while maximum temperatures typically hover between 86 °F ^{(30 °C)} and 89.6 °F ^{(32 °C)}. Humidity is consistently high.

Rainfall is abundant across the archipelago, generally ranging from 0.1 K in ^{(2.50 K mm)} to 0.2 K in ^{(5.00 K mm)} annually. However, windward-facing slopes of the high islands can receive significantly more precipitation, sometimes exceeding 0.2 K in ^{(6.00 K mm)}. Mount Nanlaud on Pohnpei, despite its modest height of 2566 ft ^{(782 m)} (though some sources cite 750m), receives an average of 0.4 K in ^{(10.16 K mm)} of rain per year, making it one of the rainiest places on Earth, often characterized by overcast skies. Rainfall typically occurs as short, intense showers and thunderstorms. The driest areas are generally the flat atolls, where annual rainfall can be closer to, or sometimes below, 0.1 K in ^{(3.00 K mm)}. While there isn't a pronounced dry season, January and February tend to be slightly drier months, though still receiving substantial rainfall (often no less than 9.8 in ^{(250 mm)} per month with around 20 rainy days).

The FSM lies within a region prone to tropical cyclones (typhoons), particularly between August and December, although they can occur at other times of the year. These storms can bring destructive winds, heavy rains, and storm surges, posing a significant threat to the low-lying islands and coastal communities. Climate change is a major concern, with rising sea levels threatening to inundate atolls and saltwater intrusion impacting freshwater supplies and agriculture.

3.3. Biodiversity

The Federated States of Micronesia boasts rich and diverse marine and terrestrial ecosystems, reflecting its tropical island setting and vast oceanic territory. Conservation of this biodiversity is critical for the ecological health of the islands and the well-being of its people, who rely heavily on natural resources.

Marine Ecosystems: The marine environment is particularly diverse. Key coastal communities include extensive mangrove forests, vital seagrass beds, productive lagoons, and vibrant coral reefs. These ecosystems are biologically and physically interconnected. The FSM is home to approximately 300 species of coral, around 1,000 species of fish, and 1,200 species of mollusks. Mangrove forests serve as important nurseries for shrimps, crabs, and fish, and provide habitat for various bird species. Seagrass beds, often found offshore from mangroves, support populations of dugongs and sea turtles. Lagoons provide food for reef inhabitants and contain diverse plankton. The biodiversity and complexity of coral reefs notably increase from east to west across the archipelago, with Kosrae having around 150 species of hard coral, Pohnpei 200, and Chuuk 300. Coral productivity in this region is among the highest globally, with reefs absorbing significant amounts of carbon. The nation's waters are also important for migratory species like tuna, whales, and dolphins.

Terrestrial Ecosystems: Inland, from the tidal zone to the mountain summits on the high islands, there is a varied range of vegetation. This includes cloud forests at higher elevations, upland forests, palm forests, and areas dominated by native secondary forests. Some areas feature savannas or are characterized by climbers of the genus Merremia. Atoll forests have adapted to saline conditions and porous soils. There are also freshwater swamps, including those dominated by the nipa palm. Cultivated areas and fragments of introduced tree species are also part of the landscape. The FSM is home to about 1,230 species of ferns and flowering plants, of which 782 are native, including 145 native fern species. Pohnpei Island alone has around 750 plant species, with 110 being endemic to the island; another 457 species have been introduced there.

Conservation Efforts: The FSM faces significant threats to its biodiversity, including climate change (sea-level rise, coral bleaching, increased storm intensity), overfishing, pollution from land-based sources, and invasive species. The government and various local and international organizations are involved in conservation efforts. These include establishing protected areas, promoting sustainable resource management practices, and participating in regional and international conservation initiatives. The cultural importance of traditional ecological knowledge also plays a role in conservation strategies. Protecting these ecosystems is crucial not only for biodiversity but also for food security, coastal protection, and the potential for sustainable ecotourism.

4.1. Government System

The Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of powers among three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The national government's structure shares similarities with that of the United States, reflecting the historical relationship.

The executive branch is headed by the President, who is both the head of state and head of government. The Vice President assists the President. Both are elected by the Congress from among its four at-large senators (one from each state) for a four-year term. Upon election as President or Vice President, their congressional seats are filled through special elections. An appointed cabinet supports the President and Vice President in administering government departments. There is an informal understanding, though not a strict constitutional requirement, that the presidency rotates among the four states.

The legislative branch is the unicameral Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia. It consists of fourteen members elected by popular vote. Four senators, known as "senators-at-large," represent each of the four states and serve four-year terms. The remaining ten senators represent single-member districts based on population (five from Chuuk, three from Pohnpei, one from Yap, and one from Kosrae) and serve two-year terms. The Congress has powers to make laws, approve treaties, and appropriate funds.

The judicial branch interprets laws and resolves disputes. It consists of the FSM Supreme Court and subordinate state courts. The Supreme Court has a Chief Justice and associate justices, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of Congress.

Formal political parties do not play a significant role in FSM politics; elections are generally contested by individuals based on personal and regional affiliations rather than party platforms.

4.2. Administrative Divisions

The Federated States of Micronesia is a federation composed of four constituent states. Each state has its own constitution, elected governor, and legislature, and retains considerable autonomy over local affairs not preempted by the federal constitution or federal laws. The four states, from west to east, are:

Flag	State	Capital	Current Governor	Land Area	Population (approx.)	Population Density (per km2)
	Yap	Colonia	Charles Chieng	46 mile2 (118.1 km2)	16,436	94
	Chuuk	Weno	Alexander Narruhn	49 mile2 (127.4 km2)	54,595	420
	Pohnpei	Kolonia	Reed P. Oliver	133 mile2 (345.5 km2)	34,685	98
	Kosrae	Tofol	Tulensa Palik	42 mile2 (109.6 km2)	7,686	66

Each state is unique in its geography, culture, and local governance traditions.

• Yap is known for its traditional culture, including its famous stone money, and consists of the main Yap islands group and numerous outer atolls to the east.
• Chuuk is characterized by Chuuk Lagoon, one of the world's largest lagoons, which is a renowned diving site due to the numerous World War II shipwrecks. It is the most populous state.
• Pohnpei is home to the national capital, Palikir, and the ancient megalithic city of Nan Madol. It is the largest state by land area and features high volcanic mountains.
• Kosrae is a single high volcanic island, known for its lush rainforests, pristine reefs, and the Lelu ruins. It is the easternmost and smallest state by land area and population.

The states are further divided into municipalities for local administration. This federal structure allows for a balance between national unity and the preservation of distinct state identities and customs.

6.1. Relations with the United States

The cornerstone of FSM's foreign relations is its Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the United States. First implemented in 1986 and subsequently amended, the Compact establishes a unique and close relationship. Under the COFA:

• Defense and Security: The U.S. has full authority and responsibility for the FSM's defense and security. This includes the obligation to defend the FSM from attack and the right to establish and use military areas and facilities in the FSM, though no major U.S. bases are currently located there.
• Economic Assistance: The U.S. provides significant financial assistance to the FSM, delivered through grants and trust funds. This aid is crucial for the FSM's government operations, public services, and infrastructure development. For example, the U.S. pledged 1.30 B USD in aid from 1986-2001, and under amended terms, committed to providing 110.00 M USD annually in development aid through 2023, with ongoing negotiations for future arrangements.
• Migration Rights: Citizens of the FSM have the right to enter, reside, work, and study in the United States without a visa (and vice versa for U.S. citizens in the FSM). Many FSM citizens have availed themselves of this opportunity, and they are also eligible to serve in the U.S. military.
• Foreign Policy Consultation: While the FSM conducts its own foreign policy, the COFA includes provisions for consultation on major foreign policy matters. In United Nations General Assembly resolutions, the FSM has often voted in alignment with the United States.

This relationship provides the FSM with economic stability and security but also presents challenges related to aid dependency and the social impacts of migration.

6.2. Relations with Other Nations and International Organizations

The FSM maintains diplomatic relations with numerous countries globally, including key partners in the Pacific region and beyond. As of recent records, it has formal relations with 56 countries, including the Holy See and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

• Regional Partners: Australia and Japan are significant development partners, providing aid, technical assistance, and support for infrastructure projects. China has also increased its engagement in the Pacific, including with the FSM, offering development assistance.
• International Organizations: The FSM became a member of the United Nations (UN) on September 17, 1991. It actively participates in UN bodies and advocates for issues critical to small island developing states, particularly climate change, ocean conservation, and sustainable development.

The FSM is also a member of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), the primary regional political organization. However, in February 2021, the FSM, along with Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and Nauru, announced its intention to withdraw from the PIF following a leadership dispute. Although an agreement (the Suva Agreement) was reached in June 2022 for these nations to remain, this episode highlighted tensions within the regional body.

• Stances on Global Issues: The FSM has taken principled stances on international matters. For example, in February 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the FSM severed diplomatic relations with Russia, condemning the invasion as "unjustified and brutal."

The FSM's foreign policy aims to balance its close ties with the U.S. with a broader engagement with the international community to address its unique vulnerabilities and promote its national interests, with a strong focus on environmental stewardship and human rights.

7.1. Economic Overview

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the FSM is modest, reflecting its status as a small island developing state. A significant portion of the nation's revenue comes from external financial assistance, primarily from the United States under the Compact of Free Association (COFA). This aid has historically funded a large part of the government budget and public services. For instance, the U.S. committed to providing 110.00 M USD annually in development aid through 2023 under an amended Compact. This high dependence on U.S. aid is a primary concern for long-term economic sustainability. Other revenue sources include fees from fishing licenses granted to foreign fleets operating in its vast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The official currency is the United States dollar.

7.2. Major Sectors

Economic activity in the FSM is concentrated in a few key sectors:

• Subsistence Agriculture and Fishing: These remain fundamental to the livelihoods of a large portion of the population. Crops include coconuts, taro, breadfruit, bananas, and cassava. Fishing, both for local consumption and small-scale commercial purposes, is vital.
• Commercial Fishing: The FSM's EEZ is rich in tuna stocks. The government earns revenue by licensing foreign fishing fleets (e.g., from China, Japan, Taiwan, and other nations) to fish in its waters. Efforts are being made to develop domestic fishing and fish processing capabilities to capture more value from this resource.
• Tourism: The potential for tourism exists, driven by the FSM's natural beauty, unique cultures, world-class diving sites (especially the shipwrecks in Chuuk Lagoon and pristine reefs), and historical sites like Nan Madol. However, development is hindered by remoteness, limited international air access, and underdeveloped infrastructure (e.g., hotels, transport).
• Public Sector: Government employment, funded largely by COFA grants, is a major source of formal employment.
• Mineral Resources: The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for some high-grade phosphate, though its extraction is not currently a major economic driver.

7.3. Economic Challenges and Development

The FSM faces several significant obstacles to economic growth and sustainable development:

• Geographical Isolation: The vast distances between islands and from major international markets increase transportation costs and limit economic integration.
• Underdeveloped Infrastructure: Inadequate transportation (inter-island shipping, roads), energy, and communication infrastructure hampers economic activity.
• Dependency on Aid: Heavy reliance on U.S. financial assistance creates vulnerability to changes in aid levels and can crowd out private sector development.
• Limited Human Capital: While education levels have improved, emigration of skilled labor (often to the U.S. under COFA provisions) can lead to shortages in key professions.
• Vulnerability to Climate Change: As a nation of low-lying islands, the FSM is highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, increased storm intensity, and other impacts of climate change, which threaten infrastructure, livelihoods, and even the habitability of some atolls.
• Small Domestic Market: The small population limits the scale of domestic industries.

Development strategies focus on promoting sustainable industries like fisheries and tourism, improving infrastructure, enhancing human resource development, and strengthening public financial management. There is an increasing emphasis on adapting to climate change, protecting marine resources, and ensuring that economic development is socially equitable and environmentally sustainable. Diversifying the economy and reducing reliance on external aid are long-term goals.

8.1. Air Transport

The FSM is served by four international airports, one in each state:

• Pohnpei International Airport (IATA: PNI), located on the main island of Pohnpei. It is the primary gateway to the nation's capital, Palikir.
• Chuuk International Airport (IATA: TKK), located on Weno island in Chuuk Lagoon, Chuuk.
• Kosrae International Airport (IATA: KSA), located on the main island of Kosrae.
• Yap International Airport (IATA: YAP), located on the main island of Yap.

These airports facilitate international travel, primarily connecting the FSM with Guam, Hawaii, and other Pacific island nations. United Airlines has historically been the main international carrier serving the FSM through its "Island Hopper" route. Domestic air services also operate between the states, though flights can be infrequent and expensive. Several smaller domestic airfields and airstrips exist on some of the outer islands, particularly in Yap and Chuuk states, served by smaller local airlines or charter services, but these are often basic.

8.2. Maritime Transport

Sea transport is critical for inter-island connectivity, especially for moving goods and people between the main islands and the numerous remote outer atolls. It is also essential for external trade, handling the import of consumer goods, fuel, and construction materials, and the export of products like fish.

• Ports: Each state capital has a main port capable of handling international shipping. These include Kolonia (Pohnpei), Weno (Chuuk), Colonia (Yap), and Okat Harbor (Kosrae). These ports are vital for the nation's supply chain.
• Shipping Services: International cargo services connect the FSM with major ports in Asia, the United States, and Australia. Government-operated or subsidized field trip ships play a crucial role in serving the outer islands, providing essential transport for passengers, food, fuel, and medical supplies. However, these services can be infrequent and subject to delays.
• Challenges: Maintaining and upgrading port infrastructure and ensuring reliable and affordable inter-island shipping services are ongoing challenges due to the high costs and logistical complexities in such a dispersed island nation.

The development of transportation infrastructure is a priority for the FSM government, as it is essential for economic development, access to services, and national cohesion.

9.1. Demographics

The population of the Federated States of Micronesia is predominantly Micronesian, consisting of various distinct ethnolinguistic groups. According to demographic data, the major groups include:

• Chuukese: Approximately 48.8%
• Pohnpeian: Approximately 24.2%
• Kosraean: Approximately 6.2%
• Yapese (from the main Yap islands): Approximately 5.2%
• Yap outer islanders: Approximately 4.5%

Other groups include individuals of Asian descent (1.8%), Polynesian descent (1.5%, primarily from the Polynesian outlier atolls of Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro), and others (6.4%). There is a notable minority with some Japanese ancestry, a legacy of intermarriage between Japanese settlers and Micronesians during the Japanese colonial period (early 20th century to 1945). Some prominent figures in FSM politics and society have Japanese heritage.

Since the 1990s, there has been a growing expatriate population, including Americans, Australians, Europeans, and more recently, migrants from China and the Philippines. The population growth rate has historically been high but is somewhat offset by net emigration, particularly to the United States, facilitated by the Compact of Free Association. Population distribution is uneven, with Chuuk State being the most populous.

9.2. Languages

English is the official language of the FSM and is used in government, for secondary and tertiary education, and as a common language for communication between different linguistic groups.
However, a rich diversity of indigenous Austronesian languages, specifically from the Micronesian languages branch (with Yapese being a possible exception, sometimes classified with Admiralty Islands languages), are spoken across the states and individual islands. These local languages remain the primary mode of communication in daily life outside the main capital towns. Major indigenous languages include:

• Chuukese (spoken in Chuuk State)
• Pohnpeian (spoken in Pohnpei State)
• Yapese (spoken in the main islands of Yap State)
• Kosraean (spoken in Kosrae State)

Other significant languages include Mortlockese, Ulithian, Woleaian, Pingelapese, Mokilese, Puluwat, Satawalese, and Namonuito, all spoken on various outer islands and atolls. The Polynesian languages of Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro are spoken on their respective atolls. Ngatikese Creole, an English-based creole, is spoken on Sapwuahfik (formerly Ngatik) Atoll in Pohnpei State. Some elderly individuals, particularly those who lived through the Japanese administration, may still speak or understand Japanese, and some Japanese loanwords are found in local languages. Spanish is also spoken in the Catholic mission on Pohnpei by Mercedarian missionaries.

The following table provides an approximate number of speakers for some of these languages, though figures can vary:

9.3. Religion

Christianity is the predominant religion in the Federated States of Micronesia, with approximately 97% of the population identifying as Christian. This is largely a result of Spanish, German, and American colonial and missionary activities.

• The Roman Catholic Church accounts for about 55% of the population.
• Various Protestant denominations make up about 42% of the population. Most Protestant groups trace their origins to American Congregationalist missionaries.

Religious demographics vary by state:

• On Kosrae, the population is overwhelmingly Protestant (around 95%).
• On Pohnpei, the population is fairly evenly divided between Catholics and Protestants. Historically, missionary conflicts in the 1890s led to religious divisions along clan lines, with Protestants more prevalent on the western side of the island and Catholics on the eastern side; these patterns persist to some extent.
• In Chuuk and Yap, an estimated 60% are Catholic and 40% are Protestant.

Other religious groups with smaller followings include Baptists, Assemblies of God, the Salvation Army, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the Baháʼí Faith. There is a small Buddhist community on Pohnpei, and a small group of Ahmadiyya Muslims in both Pohnpei and Kosrae. Most immigrants, such as Filipinos, are often Catholic and have joined local Catholic congregations.

Attendance at religious services is generally high, and churches are well-supported by their congregations, playing a significant role in civil society and community life. While Christianity is dominant, traditional indigenous beliefs and practices often coexist or are integrated with Christian faiths to varying degrees. The Constitution of the FSM provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice. Missionaries from many religious traditions are present and operate freely.

9.4. Health

Health in the Federated States of Micronesia faces challenges common to many Pacific island nations, including the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), limited healthcare infrastructure, and issues of access, particularly for outer island populations.
Life expectancy in 2018 was approximately 66 years for men and 69 years for women. Common health issues include diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, often linked to lifestyle factors such as diet (increased reliance on imported processed foods) and physical inactivity. Obesity is a significant concern. Communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy also persist, though efforts are made to control them.

Healthcare infrastructure varies across the states. Each state has a main hospital, and there are dispensaries or community health centers in more remote areas and outer islands. However, facilities may be limited in terms of specialized equipment and personnel. Serious medical conditions often require off-island evacuation, typically to Guam, Hawaii, or the Philippines, which can be costly and logistically challenging. Access to healthcare is a significant issue, particularly for those living on remote atolls, due to transportation difficulties and costs.

A notable and unique health condition is found on Pingelap atoll in Pohnpei State: a high prevalence of an extreme form of color blindness known as achromatopsia (complete color blindness), locally termed maskun. Approximately 5% of Pingelap's population of around 3,000 inhabitants are afflicted with this hereditary condition, which resulted from a genetic bottleneck caused by a devastating typhoon in the late 18th century that drastically reduced the island's population.

Public health initiatives focus on NCD prevention, maternal and child health, immunization programs, and control of communicable diseases. The government works with international partners like the World Health Organization (WHO) and other development agencies to improve health services and outcomes. The social welfare system provides some support, but challenges remain in ensuring comprehensive healthcare coverage and addressing health inequities.

9.5. Education

Education in the Federated States of Micronesia is managed by both national and state governments. The system aims to provide education from primary through tertiary levels, though access and quality can vary, especially between urban centers and remote outer islands.
The language of instruction is typically the local indigenous language in the early primary grades, with a transition to English in later primary years and for secondary and tertiary education. English is the official language of instruction for higher education.

The education system generally comprises:

• Primary Education: Elementary schools are available in most communities.
• Secondary Education: High schools are located in each state, usually in the main population centers. Access for students from outer islands can involve boarding or living with relatives in town.
• Tertiary Education: The College of Micronesia-FSM (COM-FSM) is the primary institution of higher learning, with its national campus in Palikir, Pohnpei, and state campuses in Chuuk, Kosrae, and Yap. COM-FSM offers associate degree programs and some bachelor's degree programs. Vocational and technical training is also available. Many FSM citizens pursue higher education abroad, particularly in the United States, often facilitated by the Compact of Free Association.

Challenges in the education sector include teacher training and retention, adequacy of resources and facilities (especially in remote areas), curriculum relevance, and ensuring equitable access for all children. The government prioritizes education as a key component of national development and human resource capacity building.

9.6. Human Rights

The Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia guarantees fundamental human rights and civil liberties, reflecting a commitment to democratic values. These include freedoms of speech, press, religion, and assembly, as well as rights to due process and equal protection under the law.
In practice, the FSM generally respects these rights. However, challenges can exist, particularly concerning:

• Social Justice and Equality: While the constitution prohibits discrimination, societal norms and traditional practices can sometimes lead to disparities, particularly affecting women in areas such as political participation and land ownership in some traditional contexts.
• Rights of Minorities and Vulnerable Groups: Ensuring equal access to services and opportunities for people in remote outer islands, persons with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups remains an ongoing effort.
• Access to Justice: Limited resources can affect the efficiency of the justice system.

The FSM has a generally positive record on human rights compared to many countries. Issues such as domestic violence and child welfare are areas of concern, with government and non-governmental organizations working to address them. The overall human rights situation is monitored by international bodies and local civil society groups. Public safety is generally considered good, though petty crime can occur, and some states, like Chuuk, have reportedly faced issues with alcohol-related disturbances. The government is committed to upholding the rule of law and democratic principles.

10.1. Traditional Heritage

Central to Micronesian societies are traditional extended family and clan systems, which govern social relationships, land tenure, and resource use. These systems vary across the islands but generally emphasize communal cooperation and respect for elders and traditional leaders.

The island of Yap is particularly notable for its unique "stone money" known as Rai stones (or Fei). These are large, circular disks, usually made of calcite (often quarried in Palau and transported to Yap by canoe in ancient times), ranging in size up to 13 ft ^{(4 m)} in diameter, with a hole in the middle. The value of a Rai stone is based not only on its size but also on its history and the difficulty of its acquisition. Ownership is well-known within the community, and the stones are not necessarily moved when ownership changes. Approximately 6,500 of these stones are scattered around Yap. There are five major types: Mmbul, Gaw, Ray, Yar, and Reng (the smallest, about 12 in ^{(30 cm)} in diameter).

Pohnpei is home to the ancient city of Nan Madol, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This remarkable archaeological site, consisting of artificial islets built on a coral reef and linked by canals, was the ceremonial and political center of the Saudeleur dynasty. Although currently listed as "In Danger" due to natural causes, the government is working on its conservation. Kosrae also has significant archaeological sites, such as the Lelu ruins, reflecting its own historical chiefdoms. Traditional navigation techniques, passed down through generations, are also a vital part of the cultural heritage, especially in the outer islands.

10.2. Performing Arts

Music and dances of the Federated States of Micronesia are integral to cultural expression and vary regionally.

• Dance: Traditional dances are performed on ceremonial occasions, festivals, and social gatherings. "Stick dances" are common in Pohnpei, Chuuk, and Yap. Chuuk is known for its standing dances, while Yap and Chuuk also feature sitting dances. Yapese dancers are particularly renowned for their skill. Yapese stick dances may be performed by men, women, and children together. Standing dances are often gender-specific; for example, men and boys might perform one type, while women perform another, but rarely together. In Yap, dance competitions can be segregated by caste, with lower castes having distinct dances that may require authorization from higher-caste individuals to perform.
• Music: Traditional music often involves chanting, group singing, and the use of percussive instruments, including bamboo sticks and drums. Modern influences have also shaped contemporary Micronesian music.

10.3. Sports

Several sports are popular in the FSM.

• Baseball is very popular and widely played across the islands.
• Association football (soccer) is also played, with the Federated States of Micronesia Football Association overseeing the sport, including the national championship (Micronesian Games football tournament) and the national team. However, the FSM is not a member of FIFA.
• Other popular sports include basketball, volleyball, and various track and field athletics events.

The FSM participates in regional sporting competitions such as the Micronesian Games and the Pacific Games. The nation first participated in the Olympic Games at the 2000 Sydney Olympics and has continued to send athletes to subsequent Summer Olympics, though it has not yet won an Olympic medal. The Federated States of Micronesia Athletic Association is the governing body for the country's sports and athletics.

10.4. Media and Literature

The media landscape in the FSM includes local newspapers, radio stations, and limited television services.

• Newspapers: Several newspapers have been published in the FSM.
  • In Pohnpei: The Kaselehlie Press (published biweekly in English since 2001) and the historical Senyavin Times (1967s-1970s, bilingual Pohnpeian-English). Inside Oceania is another mentioned publication.
  • In Chuuk: The historical Truk Chronicle (1979s-1980s, biweekly in English and Carolinian).
  • In Kosrae: The historical Kosrae State Newsletter (1983-2004, monthly in Kosraean).
  • In Yap: The historical The Yap Networker (1999-2005, weekly in English).
• Broadcasting: State-run AM radio stations operate in each state. Yap State has a government-run television station (Yapテレビ - Yap TV), and cable television services like Island Cable Television are available in some areas.
• Internet: Internet access is available, primarily through the FSM Telecommunications Corporation, though connectivity can be limited and expensive, especially in outer islands.

Published literary writers from the FSM are few, but their contributions are significant. In 2008, Emelihter Kihleng, a Pohnpeian poet, became the first Micronesian to publish a collection of poetry in the English language, titled "My Urohs." Her work often explores themes of identity, culture, and postcolonial experience.