Belize

3.1. Early history and Maya civilization

The Maya civilization emerged in the lowland area of the Yucatán Peninsula and the highlands to the south, encompassing present-day southeastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and western Honduras, at least three millennia ago. Many aspects of this ancient culture persist in the region despite nearly 500 years of European domination. Prior to about 2500 BC, some hunter-gatherer bands began to settle in small farming villages, domesticating crops such as corn, beans, squash, and chili peppers.

Over time, a profusion of languages and subcultures developed within the Maya core culture. Between approximately 2500 BC and 250 AD, the basic institutions of Maya civilization emerged. The civilization spread across the territory of present-day Belize around 1500 BC and flourished there until about 900-1200 AD. During the Classic Era of Maya Civilization (roughly 250 AD to 900 AD), it is estimated that between 400,000 and 1,000,000 people inhabited the area that is now Belize.

Several major Maya archaeological sites in Belize attest to the civilization's sophistication and scale. Caracol, located in the Cayo District, was a major urban political center that may have supported over 140,000 people at its peak. It was a significant regional power, known for its extensive causeway system, monumental architecture, and military victories over other Maya city-states like Tikal. North of the Maya Mountains, Lamanai, situated on the New River Lagoon, was another important political and ceremonial center, notable for its exceptionally long and continuous occupation, from the Preclassic period through the colonial era. Other significant sites include Xunantunich, known for its impressive "El Castillo" pyramid, Altun Ha, an important trading and ceremonial center, and Lubaantun in the south.

Maya society was hierarchical, with rulers (kings or ajaws), nobles, priests, warriors, artisans, traders, and farmers. They developed sophisticated systems of writing, mathematics (including the concept of zero), astronomy, and calendrics. Their art and architecture, characterized by pyramids, palaces, stelae, and intricate carvings, remain a testament to their ingenuity. The decline of the Classic Maya civilization in the southern lowlands around the 9th and 10th centuries AD was a complex process, likely involving factors such as environmental degradation, overpopulation, warfare, drought, and internal social unrest, leading to the abandonment of many major cities. However, Maya communities continued to exist in Belize, adapting to changing circumstances even as European colonizers arrived.

When Spanish explorers arrived in the 16th century, the area of present-day Belize included at least three distinct Maya territories:

• Chetumal Province, which encompassed the area around Corozal Bay.
• Dzuluinicob province, which encompassed the area between the lower New River and the Sibun River, west to Tipu. This area saw significant Maya resistance to Spanish rule.
• A southern territory controlled by the Manche Ch'ol Maya, encompassing the area between the Monkey River and the Sarstoon River.

3.2. European contact and early colonial period

European contact with the land now known as Belize began between 1502 and 1504 when Christopher Columbus sailed along the Gulf of Honduras during his fourth voyage. Spanish conquistadors subsequently explored the region and declared it part of the Spanish Empire. However, they largely failed to establish permanent settlements or effective control over the territory due to its perceived lack of easily exploitable resources like gold and silver, and the fierce resistance from the indigenous Maya tribes of the Yucatán who defended their lands.

Beginning in the early 17th century, English and Scottish pirates, known as Baymen, sporadically visited the coast of Belize. They sought sheltered regions from which they could attack Spanish ships and also began to cut logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum). Logwood was a valuable commodity in Europe, producing a prized dye used for textiles, particularly for achieving a fast black. The first permanent British settlement is believed to have been founded around 1638 or possibly later, around 1716, in what became the Belize District.

Throughout the 18th century, the Baymen established a system that heavily relied on the enslavement of Africans to cut logwood and later mahogany. These enslaved individuals were subjected to brutal conditions and forced labor in the difficult swampy and forested terrain. The Spanish Empire, while claiming sovereignty over the region, periodically attempted to dislodge the British settlers. These attempts often coincided with wars between Spain and Great Britain. The British government, for a long time, did not officially recognize the settlement as a colony, fearing it would provoke a stronger Spanish military response. This lack of direct government oversight allowed the settlers to establish their own rudimentary laws and forms of government, such as the Public Meeting, which was largely controlled by a small, wealthy elite who also owned most of the land and timber resources. The first British superintendent for the Belize area was not appointed until 1786.

The Battle of St. George's Caye in September 1798 was the last major military engagement between the Spanish and the British settlers. From September 3rd to 5th, a Spanish fleet attempted to force its way through Montego Caye shoal but was blocked by the defenders, a mixed force of Baymen, British troops, and enslaved Africans who were compelled to fight. Spain's final assault occurred on September 10th, when the Baymen repelled the Spanish fleet in a short engagement. The anniversary of this battle is now a national holiday in Belize, commemorated as St. George's Caye Day, celebrating the defense of the settlement. However, from a human rights perspective, it's crucial to acknowledge the forced participation of enslaved people in these conflicts, whose own freedom and well-being were not the primary concern of the colonial powers. The exploitation of logwood and mahogany continued to define the economy and social structure, built upon the foundation of enslaved African labor.

3.3. British Honduras

In the early 19th century, the British government began to exert more direct control over the settlement, partly driven by the broader movement to abolish slavery. The abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire in 1833 had a profound impact. Slave owners in British Honduras were compensated by the British government for the loss of their "property" - the enslaved Africans - at an average of 53.69 GBP per person, the highest amount paid in any British territory. This compensation went to the enslavers, not to the formerly enslaved individuals who had endured generations of forced labor and abuse, highlighting the deep injustices of the system.

The end of slavery, however, did little to fundamentally alter the working conditions or economic prospects for many formerly enslaved Africans. A series of restrictive laws and practices, including limitations on land ownership and the implementation of debt-peonage systems, effectively forced many to continue working in the timber industry under exploitative conditions. A small elite, largely of European descent, continued to control the land and commerce, perpetuating a social hierarchy rooted in the colonial past. The capacities and limitations of people of African descent were often narrowly defined by the colonial elite, based on their roles in the mahogany and logwood extraction industries.

In 1836, following the emancipation of Central America from Spanish rule, the British formally claimed the right to administer the region. In 1862, the United Kingdom declared it a British Crown Colony, subordinate to Jamaica, and officially named it British Honduras. From 1854, the wealthiest inhabitants had elected an assembly of notables by censal vote, but this was replaced by a legislative council appointed by the British monarch.

As a colony, British Honduras began to attract British investors. Firms like the Belize Estate and Produce Company came to dominate the economy, eventually acquiring vast tracts of land - by some estimates, half of all privately held land - and further entrenching the colony's reliance on the mahogany trade through the late 19th and first half of the 20th century. This economic structure offered limited opportunities for the majority of the population and exacerbated social inequalities.

The Great Depression of the 1930s severely impacted the colony's economy as British demand for timber plummeted, leading to widespread unemployment. The hardship was compounded by a devastating hurricane in 1931 that struck Belize City. The government's relief efforts were widely perceived as inadequate, and its refusal to legalize labor unions or introduce a minimum wage fueled popular discontent. World War II brought some economic improvement as many Belizean men joined the armed forces or contributed to the war effort.

After the war, the economy stagnated again. Britain's decision to devalue the British Honduras dollar in 1949 worsened economic conditions and became a catalyst for the rise of the nationalist movement. The People's Committee was formed, demanding independence. Its successor, the People's United Party (PUP), led by figures like George Cadle Price, advocated for constitutional reforms, including the expansion of voting rights to all adults (universal suffrage). The first election under universal suffrage was held in 1954 and was decisively won by the PUP, marking the beginning of their political dominance for several decades. George Price became PUP's leader in 1956 and the head of government in 1961, a position he held under various titles until 1984.
Hurricane Hattie in 1961 caused catastrophic damage to Belize City, which led to the decision to build a new capital, Belmopan, further inland.
Progress towards independence was complicated by Guatemala's persistent territorial claim over Belize. In 1964, Britain granted British Honduras self-government under a new constitution. On June 1, 1973, the colony's name was officially changed from British Honduras to Belize, a significant step in asserting its distinct identity on the path to full sovereignty. Throughout this period, the independence movement also focused on issues of social justice and economic development for the Belizean people.

3.4. Independent Belize

Belize achieved full independence from the United Kingdom on September 21, 1981. However, Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation due to its long-standing territorial claim, asserting that Belize was part of Guatemalan territory. This unresolved dispute cast a shadow over Belize's early years of independence. To deter potential Guatemalan incursions, approximately 1,500 British troops remained stationed in Belize.

George Cadle Price, leader of the People's United Party (PUP), became the first Prime Minister of independent Belize. The PUP had been the dominant political force leading up to independence and won all national elections until 1984. In the 1984 general election, the PUP was defeated by the United Democratic Party (UDP), and UDP leader Manuel Esquivel became Prime Minister. Price himself unexpectedly lost his House seat. The PUP, under Price, returned to power in the 1989 election.

In 1990, the United Kingdom announced it would end its military involvement in Belize, and the RAF Harrier detachment was withdrawn. British soldiers were largely withdrawn by 1994, though the UK left behind a military training unit, the British Army Training and Support Unit Belize (BATSUB), to assist with the newly created Belize Defence Force. Guatemala formally recognized Belize's independence in 1991, which eased tensions, but the underlying territorial dispute remained.

The UDP regained power in the 1993 election, and Esquivel became Prime Minister for a second time. His government suspended a pact reached with Guatemala during Price's tenure, arguing that too many concessions had been made. Border tensions continued sporadically, although the two countries cooperated in other areas.

In 1996, the Belize Barrier Reef, a vital ecosystem and economic resource, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, highlighting the country's natural wealth but also the need for its protection.

The PUP won a landslide victory in the 1998 national elections, and Said Musa became Prime Minister. The PUP maintained its majority in the 2003 elections, and Musa continued in office, pledging to improve conditions in the underdeveloped southern part of Belize. However, his government faced significant unrest in 2005 due to discontent over tax increases and perceived corruption, reflecting ongoing socio-economic challenges and demands for greater accountability.

On February 8, 2008, Dean Barrow was sworn in as Prime Minister after his UDP won a landslide victory. Barrow and the UDP were re-elected in 2012, albeit with a smaller majority, and won a third consecutive term in November 2015.

The territorial dispute with Guatemala continued to be a major foreign policy issue. Both countries eventually agreed to take the dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for resolution, following referendums in both nations (Guatemala in 2018, Belize in 2019). The ICJ process is ongoing.

On November 11, 2020, the People's United Party (PUP), led by Johnny Briceño, defeated the UDP, winning 26 out of 31 seats. Briceño took office as Prime Minister on November 12, 2020. His administration faces challenges including economic recovery, addressing crime, promoting sustainable development, and managing the ongoing implications of the Guatemalan territorial claim, particularly for communities in border areas. Efforts towards democratic consolidation, strengthening human rights protections, addressing social inequalities, and pursuing environmental justice remain critical for Belize's future. In 2023, Belize was recognized by the World Health Organization for eliminating malaria, a significant public health achievement.

4.1. Climate

Belize has a tropical climate characterized by pronounced wet and dry seasons, though there are significant variations in weather patterns by region. Temperatures are generally warm and humid throughout the year, moderated somewhat by the northeast trade winds blowing off the Caribbean Sea.

Average temperatures in the coastal regions range from about 75.2 °F ^{(24 °C)} in January to 80.6 °F ^{(27 °C)} in July. Inland areas tend to be slightly hotter, except for the southern highland plateaus like the Mountain Pine Ridge, where temperatures are noticeably cooler year-round. The seasons are distinguished more by differences in humidity and rainfall than by significant temperature fluctuations.

Rainfall varies considerably across the country. The northern and western regions receive an average of 0.1 K in ^{(1.35 K mm)} of rain annually, while the extreme south can receive over 0.2 K in ^{(4.50 K mm)}. The dry season typically runs from February to May, with April being the driest month. During this period, particularly in the north and central regions, monthly rainfall can be less than 3.9 in ^{(100 mm)}. The rainy season generally extends from June to November, with the heaviest rains often occurring in June/July and September/October. A brief, less rainy period, known locally as the "little dry," often occurs in late July or August.

Belize lies within the Atlantic hurricane belt, and tropical cyclones (hurricanes) are a significant threat, particularly from June to November. Historically, hurricanes have caused extensive damage and loss of life. Notable storms include an unnamed hurricane in 1931 that devastated Belize City, Hurricane Janet (1955) which leveled Corozal Town, Hurricane Hattie (1961) which prompted the relocation of the capital to Belmopan, Hurricane Greta (1978), Hurricane Keith (2000), Hurricane Iris (2001), Hurricane Dean (2007), Hurricane Richard (2010), and Hurricane Lisa (2022). These events underscore Belize's vulnerability to extreme weather, a concern amplified by climate change.

4.2. Environment preservation and biodiversity

Belize is renowned for its exceptional biodiversity and has made significant strides in environmental preservation. Its geographical position as part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, a land bridge between North and South America, coupled with a wide range of climates and habitats, contributes to a rich variety of plant and animal life. The country's relatively low human population density and large areas of undistributed land have helped maintain these ecosystems.

Belize is home to over 5,000 species of plants and hundreds of species of animals, including iconic Neotropical fauna such as jaguars, ocelots, pumas, Baird's tapir (the national animal), manatees, howler monkeys, spider monkeys, armadillos, numerous snake species, and a vast array of resident and migratory birds, including the keel-billed toucan (the national bird). Its marine biodiversity is equally impressive, centered around the Belize Barrier Reef.

A significant portion of Belize's land and marine territory is under some form of protection. According to the World Database on Protected Areas, about 37% of Belize's land territory is protected, one of the most extensive systems in the Americas. This network includes national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, forest reserves, marine reserves, and private protected areas. The Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1990, is particularly famous as the world's first jaguar preserve. It covers approximately 154 mile^{2 (400 km2)} of tropical forest on the eastern slopes of the Maya Mountains and is crucial for the protection of jaguars and other wildlife, as well as important watersheds. Other notable protected areas include the Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve, the Bladen Nature Reserve, the Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary (a vital bird habitat), and numerous marine protected areas associated with the Barrier Reef.

In 2020, forest cover in Belize was around 56% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,277,050 hectares. This was a decrease from 1,600,030 hectares in 1990. Most of this is naturally regenerating forest, with a small percentage of planted forest. About 59% of the forest area was found within protected areas in 2020. While Belize has a relatively high forest cover, deforestation remains a concern, driven by agricultural expansion, logging, and infrastructure development. Studies have indicated an average annual loss of forest cover, although protected areas have been shown to be effective in slowing this trend. Belize had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.15/10, ranking it 85th globally out of 172 countries.

Belize's ecosystems include Petén-Veracruz moist forests, Belizian pine forests, Belizean Coast mangroves, and Belizean Reef mangroves. Mangrove ecosystems are particularly important for coastal protection, fisheries, and biodiversity. Conservation efforts are supported by government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international partners. These efforts focus on sustainable resource management, anti-poaching initiatives, research, and community involvement in conservation. The social and economic importance of biodiversity is increasingly recognized, with ecotourism being a significant contributor to the national economy. However, challenges remain, including balancing development needs with conservation goals, addressing the impacts of climate change, and ensuring equitable benefit-sharing from natural resources for local and indigenous communities.

4.3. Belize Barrier Reef

The Belize Barrier Reef is a globally significant and ecologically diverse marine ecosystem, forming a major part of the larger Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, which stretches over 559 mile ^{(900 km)} from the Yucatán Peninsula to Honduras. The Belizean section itself is approximately 186 mile ^{(300 km)} long, running parallel to the country's coastline, from 984 ft ^{(300 m)} offshore in the north to about 25 mile ^{(40 km)} offshore in the south. It is the largest barrier reef in the Northern Hemisphere and the second largest in the world, after Australia's Great Barrier Reef.

In 1996, the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of its outstanding universal value, its intricate network of reef types (fringing, barrier, and atoll), offshore atolls (including Lighthouse Reef, Glover's Reef, and Turneffe Atoll), hundreds of sand cayes, mangrove forests, coastal lagoons, and estuaries. This complex system supports an extraordinary level of biodiversity. It is home to:

• Over 70 hard coral species
• Around 36 soft coral species (Alcyonacea)
• Approximately 500 species of fish
• Hundreds of invertebrate species, including mollusks, crustaceans, and sponges.

It is estimated that much of the reef system (perhaps up to 90%) is still to be researched, suggesting that many more species may yet be discovered. The reef provides critical habitat for numerous threatened or endangered species, including West Indian manatees, green turtles, hawksbill turtles, loggerhead turtles, and the American crocodile. The Great Blue Hole, a giant marine sinkhole near the center of Lighthouse Reef, is one of its most famous and iconic features, popular with divers.

The Belize Barrier Reef is vital to the country's economy, particularly through tourism (scuba diving, snorkeling, sport fishing) and fisheries. It also provides important coastal protection services. However, the reef faces numerous threats. Climate change is a major concern, leading to rising sea temperatures that cause coral bleaching and ocean acidification which hinders coral growth. Pollution from land-based sources, including agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers, sediment) and sewage, degrades water quality. Overfishing and unsustainable fishing practices can damage reef habitats and deplete fish stocks. Coastal development and increased shipping traffic also pose risks. Scientists have estimated that a significant portion (over 40% since 1998 by some accounts) of Belize's coral reef has suffered damage.

Conservation efforts are underway, involving government agencies, NGOs, and local communities. Belize has taken steps to protect the reef, such as banning bottom trawling in 2010 and later implementing a moratorium on offshore oil exploration and drilling in its waters. Marine protected areas have been established, but effective management and enforcement remain challenges. The social and economic well-being of many Belizean communities, especially coastal ones, is intrinsically linked to the health of the reef, making its conservation an issue of national importance and environmental justice.

4.4. Natural resources and energy

Belize possesses a range of natural resources, though large-scale commercial exploitation has been limited for some. Historically, timber (logwood and mahogany) was the primary resource extracted. Today, agricultural land remains a key resource.
In terms of minerals, Belize is known to have deposits of dolomite, barite, bauxite (the ore of aluminum), cassiterite (tin ore), and gold, but generally not in quantities that have warranted extensive mining operations. Limestone is quarried and used primarily for road construction and other domestic purposes.

A significant development in Belize's natural resource sector was the discovery of petroleum in 2006 in the Spanish Lookout area of the Cayo District. This discovery led to the country becoming a modest oil producer. As of 2017, oil production was around 2,000 barrels per day. While this provided a new source of revenue, it also brought challenges related to environmental management, ensuring equitable benefit distribution to local communities, and managing the economic impacts of a new resource sector. The environmental regulations and social considerations surrounding oil extraction are crucial, particularly given Belize's rich biodiversity and reliance on ecotourism.

Belize's energy sector relies on a mix of sources. The country has hydroelectric potential, with several hydroelectric generating facilities operating on rivers like the Macal River. However, Belize also imports a significant portion of its electricity, primarily from Mexico. There is ongoing interest in developing renewable energy sources, such as solar and biomass, to reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels and enhance energy security. Access to biocapacity in Belize is considerably higher than the world average. In 2016, Belize had 3.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. However, in the same year, Belize used 5.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person (its ecological footprint of consumption), indicating that it was running a biocapacity deficit, meaning it consumed more resources than its ecosystems could regenerate. This highlights the importance of sustainable resource management.

The exploitation of natural resources, including potential offshore oil reserves near sensitive marine areas like the Barrier Reef, has been a subject of public debate and environmental advocacy, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of environmental impacts and the long-term well-being of affected communities.

4.5. Climate change

Belize is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its extensive low-lying coastal areas, its reliance on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture and tourism, and the ecological fragility of its key ecosystems, particularly the Belize Barrier Reef.

Observed and projected impacts of climate change in Belize include:

• Sea-level rise:** This poses a significant threat to coastal communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems like mangroves and beaches. It can lead to increased coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers, and inundation of low-lying lands.
• Increased intensity of extreme weather events:** Belize is already susceptible to hurricanes. Climate change is expected to increase the intensity of these storms, leading to more severe wind damage, heavier rainfall, and larger storm surges, exacerbating flooding and destruction. Droughts may also become more frequent or severe in certain areas.
• Impacts on the Belize Barrier Reef:** Rising sea surface temperatures are a primary driver of coral bleaching events, which can lead to widespread coral mortality. Ocean acidification, caused by the absorption of atmospheric CO₂ by seawater, hinders the ability of corals and other marine organisms to build their skeletons and shells.
• Impacts on agriculture:** Changes in rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather events can negatively affect crop yields, disrupt planting and harvesting seasons, and increase the prevalence of pests and diseases, threatening food security and livelihoods in agricultural communities.
• Impacts on water resources:** Altered rainfall patterns can lead to both water scarcity during droughts and increased flooding, affecting freshwater availability for human consumption, agriculture, and ecosystems.
• Impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems:** Changes in temperature and precipitation can alter habitats, affecting the distribution and survival of plant and animal species, both terrestrial and marine. Mangroves and coastal wetlands, crucial for coastal protection and as nurseries for fish, are particularly at risk from sea-level rise and storm surges.

Belize has relatively low national greenhouse gas emissions in absolute terms (around 7.46 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent in 2023). However, on a per capita basis, its emissions (18.13 tonnes per person) are comparatively high, ranking 13th globally. Land use change and forestry (LULUCF) constitute the largest source of emissions in Belize, primarily due to deforestation and forest degradation.

The Government of Belize has acknowledged the threat of climate change and has developed national strategies for both mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (adjusting to the impacts). The country has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Adaptation measures include strengthening coastal defenses, promoting climate-resilient agriculture, improving water resource management, protecting and restoring ecosystems like mangroves and coral reefs, and enhancing early warning systems for extreme weather. These efforts often consider the disproportionate impact of climate change on vulnerable populations, including low-income communities, indigenous groups, and those reliant on natural resources for their livelihoods, aiming for climate justice. International support and finance are crucial for Belize to effectively implement its climate action plans.

5.1. Government structure

The Monarch of Belize, currently Charles III, is the head of state. The King resides in the United Kingdom and is represented in Belize by a Governor-General, who performs ceremonial functions and assents to legislation.

Executive authority is exercised by the Cabinet, which is led by the Prime Minister, the head of government. The Prime Minister is typically the leader of the political party that commands a majority in the House of Representatives. Cabinet ministers are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister and are usually members of the National Assembly. The Cabinet is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country and for formulating and implementing government policy. Checks and balances are intended through the separation of powers, though the executive often holds significant influence. Accountability mechanisms include parliamentary oversight, an independent judiciary, and a free press.

The National Assembly is the bicameral legislature of Belize. It consists of:

• The House of Representatives: This is the lower house, currently composed of 31 members who are directly elected by popular vote in single-member constituencies for a maximum term of five years. The House is responsible for introducing and passing legislation, particularly concerning financial matters.
• The Senate: This is the upper house, currently composed of 13 members (previously 12) who are appointed by the Governor-General. Six senators are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, three on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition, one on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and the Evangelical Association of Churches, one on the advice of the Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Belize Business Bureau, one on the advice of the National Trade Union Congress of Belize and the Civil Society Steering Committee, and one on the advice of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in good standing. The Senate reviews and debates bills passed by the House of Representatives and can initiate non-money bills. Its role is primarily as a house of review, intended to provide a check on the power of the House.

Legislative power is vested in both the government (through the introduction of bills) and the Parliament of Belize. Constitutional safeguards protect fundamental rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association.

The judiciary is constitutionally independent of the executive and legislative branches. It is responsible for interpreting and applying the laws of Belize. The judicial system includes:

• Magistrates' Courts, which hear less serious criminal and civil cases.
• The Supreme Court, which has original jurisdiction in more serious criminal (like murder) and civil cases, and also hears appeals from Magistrates' Courts. The Chief Justice heads the Supreme Court.
• The Court of Appeal, which hears appeals from the Supreme Court.
• The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), based in Trinidad and Tobago, is Belize's final court of appeal, having replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom for this role. This move aimed to strengthen regional judicial independence.

Judges are appointed through a process designed to ensure their independence and competence.

5.2. Political culture and parties

Belizean political culture has been shaped by its colonial past, its journey to independence, and its multi-ethnic society. Since 1935, elections were reinstated, though initially with a very limited franchise (only 1.8% of the population eligible to vote). Women gained the right to vote in 1954, a significant step in democratic development.

Since the 1970s, the party system in Belize has been dominated by two major political parties:

• The People's United Party (PUP): Generally considered a centre-left party, the PUP was instrumental in leading Belize to independence under figures like George Cadle Price. It has historically drawn support from a broad base, including rural and urban populations.
• The United Democratic Party (UDP): Generally considered a centre-right party, the UDP has served as the main opposition and has also formed governments at various times.

These two parties have alternated in power, creating a competitive two-party system. While other smaller political parties have participated in elections at all levels, none have historically won a significant number of seats or offices, though their presence and challenge have grown over the years. Elections are generally considered free and fair, with citizen participation being a key feature of the democratic process. Political discourse can be robust, and issues such as economic development, social welfare, crime, and the Guatemalan territorial dispute often dominate campaigns.

Civil society organizations play an important role in Belizean political life, advocating for a range of issues including human rights, environmental protection, good governance, and social justice. These organizations contribute to public debate, policy formulation, and holding the government accountable. Promoting democratic values, transparency, and citizen engagement remains an ongoing effort.

5.3. Foreign relations

Belize pursues an independent foreign policy aimed at safeguarding its sovereignty and territorial integrity, promoting economic development, and fostering international cooperation. It is a full participating member of numerous international and regional organizations, including:

• The United Nations (UN)
• The Commonwealth of Nations
• The Organization of American States (OAS)
• The Central American Integration System (SICA)
• The Caribbean Community (CARICOM), including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME)
• The Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
• The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), which serves as its final court of appeal.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO), of which it is an original member (1995).

Belize actively participates in the work of these organizations and is involved in regional trade agreements, such as the pact between the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) subgroup of the Group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific States (ACP) and the European Union.

A key aspect of Belize's foreign policy is the management of its longstanding territorial dispute with Guatemala. This issue significantly influences its relations with Guatemala and its engagement with international bodies like the OAS and the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

Belize maintains diplomatic relations with many countries worldwide. It is a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The country strives for balanced discussions on international issues, often emphasizing the perspectives of small states and vulnerable nations, particularly concerning climate change and sustainable development. The protection of human rights and democratic principles are also important considerations in its foreign policy.

5.4. Armed forces

The Belize Defence Force (BDF) is the primary military organization responsible for the defense of Belize's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The BDF, along with the Belize National Coast Guard and the Immigration Department, falls under the Ministry of Defence and Immigration (or similar ministerial portfolios depending on governmental structure at the time).

The BDF comprises:

• Army/Land Element:** The main component, responsible for land-based defense, border security, internal security assistance, and disaster relief.
• Air Wing:** Provides air support, reconnaissance, troop transport, and medical evacuation capabilities.
• Maritime Wing/Coast Guard:** The Belize National Coast Guard became a distinct entity from the BDF's maritime wing in 2005, though they work in close cooperation. It is responsible for maritime law enforcement, search and rescue, fisheries protection, and preventing illicit activities in Belize's territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zone.

In 1997, the regular army numbered over 900 personnel, with a reserve force of 381, an air wing of 45, and a maritime wing of 36, totaling approximately 1,400. More recent figures would vary. In 2012, the Belizean government's military expenditure was about 17.00 M USD, representing approximately 1.08% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Historically, after Belize achieved independence in 1981, the United Kingdom maintained a significant deterrent force (British Forces Belize) in the country to protect it from potential invasion by Guatemala due to the ongoing territorial dispute. During the 1980s, this force included an infantry battalion and No. 1417 Flight of Harriers. The main British combat force left in 1994, three years after Guatemala recognized Belizean independence. However, the United Kingdom maintained a training presence through the British Army Training and Support Unit Belize (BATSUB) and 25 Flight Army Air Corps. Most British forces, including BATSUB's permanent staff, were withdrawn in 2011, though some seconded advisers may remain, and British troops continue to use Belize for jungle warfare training on a rotational basis. BATSUB's presence provides economic benefits and security cooperation.

The BDF also engages in international peacekeeping operations and cooperates with regional and international partners on security matters, including counter-narcotics and counter-trafficking efforts.

5.5. Administrative divisions

Belize is divided into six districts for administrative purposes. These districts are:
1. Belize District (Capital: Belize City)
2. Cayo District (Capital: San Ignacio/Santa Elena)
3. Corozal District (Capital: Corozal Town)
4. Orange Walk District (Capital: Orange Walk Town)
5. Stann Creek District (Capital: Dangriga)
6. Toledo District (Capital: Punta Gorda)

These districts are further subdivided into 31 constituencies for electoral purposes, which are used for electing members to the House of Representatives.

Local government is established to manage affairs at the municipal and community levels. There are four types of local authorities:

• City councils:** Govern the two designated cities, Belize City and the capital, Belmopan.
• Town councils:** Govern the seven designated towns (Corozal Town, Dangriga, Orange Walk Town, Punta Gorda, San Ignacio/Santa Elena, San Pedro Town, and Benque Viejo del Carmen).
• Village councils:** Serve rural communities.
• Community councils:** Also serve rural communities, often smaller settlements.

City and town councils cover the urban population, while village and community councils cater to the rural population, providing local services and facilitating community development. The structure and functions of local government aim to promote local democracy and participation in governance.

5.6. Indigenous land claims

The issue of indigenous land claims is a significant and ongoing concern in Belize, primarily involving the Maya people (including the Yucatec, Mopan, and Q'eqchi' groups) and, to a lesser extent, the Garinagu (Garifuna). These claims are rooted in historical occupation and customary land tenure systems that predate European colonization and the formation of the modern Belizean state.

Historically, Maya communities have asserted their rights to ancestral lands and resources, which are crucial for their livelihoods, cultural practices, and collective identity. The expansion of logging, agriculture, and other development activities often encroached upon these lands without adequate consultation or consent from the indigenous communities.

Belize took a positive step by backing the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007, which affirms the rights of indigenous peoples to their traditional lands, territories, and resources, and to self-determination.

A series of landmark legal battles have been fought by Maya communities, particularly in the Toledo District, to have their customary land rights recognized by the Belizean legal system. Key court decisions include:

• A 2007 Supreme Court ruling that affirmed the customary land rights of the Maya villages of Conejo and Santa Cruz.
• A 2010 Supreme Court ruling that expanded this recognition to all Maya villages in the Toledo District, affirming that Maya customary land title constitutes property within the meaning of the Belize Constitution.
• A 2013 Supreme Court decision upheld the 2010 ruling.
• In 2015, the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), Belize's highest appellate court, issued a consent order based on an agreement between the Maya leaders and the Government of Belize. This order affirmed the Maya land rights and obligated the government to take concrete steps to identify and demarcate these lands, protect them from incursions, and develop a legislative or administrative framework for their registration and governance, in consultation with the Maya people.

Despite these legal victories and international commitments, the implementation of these rulings has been slow and challenging. The government has faced difficulties in fully demarcating and registering Maya communal lands, and concerns persist among Maya communities about continued incursions by loggers, settlers, and resource extraction companies. For instance, years after the CCJ's decision, progress on creating a Mayan land registry was limited, prompting some indigenous groups to undertake their own land mapping initiatives.

The struggle for indigenous land rights has significant social, economic, and cultural implications. For Maya communities, secure land tenure is essential for maintaining their traditional ways of life, agricultural practices, spiritual connections to the land, and cultural heritage. It is also central to their efforts towards self-determination and having greater control over the resources within their territories. The ongoing dialogue and negotiations between indigenous representatives and the government are critical for achieving a just and sustainable resolution that respects indigenous rights and promotes inclusive development. As of 2017, reports indicated that indigenous groups were not adequately factored into some national development indicators, highlighting a continued need for greater recognition and inclusion.

6.1. Main industries

• Agriculture:** This sector has traditionally been a mainstay of the Belizean economy.
  • Sugar: Remains a chief crop, accounting for a significant portion of exports, particularly from the northern districts. Working conditions in the sugar industry have historically been a concern.
  • Bananas: A major export crop, especially in the southern Stann Creek District, and a large employer. The industry is susceptible to weather events and plant diseases.
  • Citrus: Oranges and grapefruits are important agricultural products, primarily grown for processing into concentrate for export.
  • Other crops include rice, corn, beans, cacao, and various fruits and vegetables for domestic consumption and some export.
  • The environmental impact of agriculture, through deforestation for land conversion and the use of agrochemicals, is a concern.
• Fisheries and Aquaculture:** The extensive coastline and barrier reef support commercial fishing, primarily for lobster, conch, and finfish. Aquaculture, particularly shrimp farming, has also become an important export industry. Sustainable fishing practices are crucial to protect marine resources.
• Manufacturing:** The manufacturing sector is relatively small, focusing on agro-processing (e.g., sugar refining, citrus concentrate, beverages), garment production, and light manufacturing for the domestic market.
• Petroleum:** Since the discovery of oil in 2006, crude oil has become an export commodity. Production levels are modest. The environmental impact of oil exploration and extraction, especially near sensitive ecological areas, is a subject of public and environmental scrutiny.
• Tourism:** (See separate section below, as it's a major pillar).

The contribution of these industries to GDP and employment varies. For example, in 2007, Belize became the world's third-largest exporter of papaya. The government faces challenges in promoting economic stability, improving tax collection, and managing public spending. Infrastructure development, while improving, remains a challenge. Major trading partners include the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Mexico, and CARICOM nations. Belize has several commercial banks and a robust credit union movement. Due to its financial system and location, Belize has faced scrutiny regarding money laundering, prompting efforts to strengthen financial regulations.

6.2. Industrial infrastructure

Belize's industrial and economic development is significantly influenced by the state of its essential infrastructure. Key areas include energy, telecommunications, and transportation.

• Energy (Electricity):** Access to reliable and affordable electricity is a critical factor for economic development and social equity. Belize Electricity Limited (BEL) is the primary integrated electric utility and distributor. The country's electricity supply comes from a mix of sources:
  • Domestic hydroelectric generation: Several hydroelectric plants, primarily on the Macal River (operated by Belize Electric Company Limited - BECOL), contribute to the power supply.
  • Imported power: Belize imports a significant amount of electricity, mainly from Mexico's Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE).
  • Other sources: There is some generation from biomass (e.g., bagasse from sugar production) and diesel generators. Efforts are underway to increase the share of renewable energy, such as solar.

  Electricity costs in Belize have historically been among the highest in the region, posing a challenge for businesses and consumers. The ownership and regulation of the electricity sector have seen changes, including periods of nationalization and private investment. Improving energy efficiency and expanding access to underserved rural areas are ongoing goals.

  • Telecommunications:** A modern telecommunications network is vital for business, education, and social connectivity. Belize Telemedia Limited (BTL) was historically the dominant provider. The sector has seen liberalization with the entry of competitors like Speednet (Smart). Services include fixed-line and mobile telephony, internet access (including fiber-to-the-home in some areas), and data networks. Expanding broadband internet access and affordability, especially in rural areas, is crucial for digital inclusion and economic growth. The nationalization of BTL in the past has also influenced the sector's dynamics and investment climate.
  • Transportation:**
    • Roads:** The road network is the primary mode of internal transportation. Major highways connect the main towns and districts, such as the Philip Goldson Highway (formerly Northern Highway), George Price Highway (formerly Western Highway), Hummingbird Highway, and Southern Highway. While main highways are generally paved, many secondary and rural roads are unpaved and can be challenging, especially during the rainy season. Ongoing investment is needed for road maintenance and upgrades to support agriculture, tourism, and general commerce.
    • Ports:** Belize has several ports, with the main deep-water port located in Belize City, handling most of the country's cargo. Other ports include Big Creek (for bananas and other agricultural exports) and Commerce Bight. Port infrastructure is important for international trade.
    • Airports:** The Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport (PGIA) near Belize City is the main international gateway. There are also numerous smaller airstrips throughout the country serving domestic flights and connecting to tourist destinations, particularly the cayes.
    • Waterways:** Rivers are used for local transportation in some areas, and maritime transport is essential for connecting the mainland to the cayes.

    Developing and maintaining this infrastructure requires significant investment and planning to support sustainable economic growth and ensure that benefits, such as access to electricity and telecommunications, are equitably distributed across the population, including remote and vulnerable communities.

6.3. Tourism

Tourism is a cornerstone of Belize's economy, making a significant contribution to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. The country's diverse natural and cultural attractions draw visitors from around the world.

• Major Attractions:**
  • Belize Barrier Reef:** This UNESCO World Heritage site is the premier tourist attraction, offering world-class scuba diving, snorkelling, fishing, and boating opportunities. The Great Blue Hole, numerous cayes (islands) like Ambergris Caye (with San Pedro Town) and Caye Caulker, and atolls like Lighthouse Reef and Glover's Reef are major draws.
  • Maya Archaeological Sites:** Belize is rich in Maya history, with impressive sites such as Caracol, Xunantunich, Lamanai, Altun Ha, and Lubaantun offering insights into this ancient civilization.
  • Ecotourism and Nature:** The country's lush rainforests, extensive cave systems (like Actun Tunichil Muknal), diverse wildlife, and numerous national parks and reserves (Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary for jaguars, Mountain Pine Ridge for waterfalls and pine forests) support a thriving ecotourism sector. Activities include hiking, birdwatching, caving, zip-lining, and river kayaking/rafting.
  • Cultural Tourism:** The diverse cultures of Belize, including Garifuna, Maya, Creole, and Mennonite communities, offer unique cultural experiences, from music and dance to cuisine and traditional crafts.
  • Visitor Statistics and Economic Contributions:**

  Tourist arrivals, including both overnight visitors and cruise ship passengers, have generally shown growth over the years, though the sector is susceptible to global economic conditions, natural disasters (hurricanes), and events like pandemics. In 2012, tourist arrivals totaled 917,869 (with about 584,683 from the United States), and tourist receipts amounted to over 1.30 B USD. After the COVID-19 pandemic impacted global travel, Belize was among the first Caribbean countries to implement measures to safely welcome vaccinated travelers. The tourism sector provides direct and indirect employment in accommodation, transportation, food services, tours, and retail.

  • Sustainable Tourism Development:**

  Recognizing the importance of its natural and cultural heritage, Belize has placed an emphasis on sustainable tourism development. Policies aim to:

  • Minimize environmental impact: Promoting eco-friendly practices, managing visitor numbers at sensitive sites, and supporting conservation efforts.
  • Benefit local communities: Ensuring that local people, including indigenous communities, share in the economic benefits of tourism through employment, entrepreneurship, and community-based tourism initiatives. This includes addressing potential negative impacts like displacement or cultural commodification.
  • Preserve cultural heritage: Supporting the authentic representation and preservation of Belize's diverse cultures.
  • Protect natural resources: Integrating tourism planning with environmental management to safeguard the ecosystems that attract visitors.

  Challenges include balancing development pressures with conservation needs, ensuring adequate infrastructure, managing the environmental footprint of tourism (waste, water, energy), and distributing tourism benefits more equitably across different regions and communities. The impact of cruise tourism, in particular, requires careful management to avoid overwhelming local infrastructure and sensitive environments. The long-term viability of Belize's tourism industry is intrinsically linked to the health of its ecosystems, especially the Barrier Reef, making sustainable practices and climate resilience critical.

7.1. Demographics

According to the 2022 census conducted by the Statistical Institute of Belize, the population of Belize was 397,483. The country has one of the lowest population densities in Central America and the Western Hemisphere.
Key demographic indicators include:

• Population Growth Rate:** Historically, Belize has had a relatively high population growth rate, around 1.87% per year in 2018, making it one of the highest in the region. This growth is influenced by birth rates and migration.
• Birth and Death Rates:** In 2022, the birth rate was 17.8 births per 1,000 population, and the death rate was 6.3 deaths per 1,000 population.
• Total Fertility Rate:** In 2023, the total fertility rate was estimated at 2.01 children per woman.
• Life Expectancy:** Life expectancy varies, but generally aligns with regional averages.
• Age/Gender Distribution:** Belize has a relatively young population, with a significant proportion under the age of 30.
• Urbanization:** A significant portion of the population lives in urban areas, with Belize City being the largest urban center, followed by towns like San Ignacio, Orange Walk Town, and the capital, Belmopan.

Migration has played a significant role in Belize's demographics. There has been emigration of Belizeans (particularly Creoles and Garinagu) to countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, seeking educational and economic opportunities. Concurrently, Belize has received immigrants and refugees, especially from neighboring Central American countries (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua) during periods of conflict and economic hardship, contributing to the growth of the Hispanic/Mestizo population. This dynamic has led to shifts in the ethnic composition over recent decades. For example, the Creole/Hispanic ratio shifted from approximately 58/38 in 1980 to 26/53 by 1991, largely due to Creole emigration and increased Mestizo birth rates and immigration. As of 2018, migrants made up about 15% of Belize's population. The U.S. State Department estimates upwards of 100,000 Belizeans reside in the U.S., representing the largest Belizean diaspora.

7.2. Ethnic groups

Belize is renowned for its rich ethnic diversity, a "melting pot" of cultures. While colonial policies sometimes encouraged segregation, the small, interconnected population has fostered a relatively harmonious coexistence, though traces of racism exist. The national motto, "Sub Umbra Floreo" (Under the Shade I Flourish), reflects this unity in diversity. Major ethnic groups include:

• Hispanic/Mestizo:** The largest ethnic group, comprising around 51.7% of the population (2022 SIB estimate). This group includes descendants of Yucatec Maya and Spanish settlers who migrated from Mexico during the Caste War of Yucatán in the mid-19th century, as well as more recent immigrants and refugees from other Central American countries. They are predominant in the northern and western districts and have significantly influenced Belizean culture and language.
• Belizean Creoles:** Making up about 25.2% of the population, Creoles are primarily descendants of enslaved West and Central Africans and European (mainly English and Scottish) log cutters known as Baymen. Over time, they have intermarried with other groups. Historically the largest group, their proportion has decreased due to emigration. Belize City is a major Creole center.
• Maya:** Constituting about 9.8% of the population, the Maya are the original inhabitants. Three main Maya groups reside in Belize: the Yucatec (many fled the Caste War), the Mopan (indigenous to Belize, some returned from Guatemala), and the Q'eqchi' (fled enslavement in Guatemala in the 19th century). They are concentrated mainly in the Toledo, Stann Creek, and Cayo districts.
• Garinagu (Garifuna):** Around 4% of the population, the Garifuna are descendants of West/Central Africans and indigenous Carib and Arawak peoples from the island of St. Vincent. They arrived in Belize in the early 19th century via Roatán, Honduras, after being exiled by the British. They have a unique language, music, dance, and spiritual traditions, recognized by UNESCO. They primarily reside in southern coastal towns like Dangriga, Hopkins, and Punta Gorda.
• White Belizeans (including Mennonites):** Approximately 4.8% of the population. This group includes descendants of British settlers, more recent immigrants from North America and Europe, and distinct Mennonite communities. Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites, primarily of German descent who came from Mexico and Canada starting in the late 1950s, live in agricultural settlements like Spanish Lookout and Shipyard. There are also smaller groups of Old Order Mennonites.
• East Indian:** About 1.5% of the population, descendants of indentured laborers brought from India in the 19th century after the abolition of slavery, mainly to work on sugar plantations. They are found primarily in the Corozal and Toledo districts.
• East Asian and Arab:** Around 1% of the population, including Chinese, Syrian, and Lebanese immigrants and their descendants, who have contributed to commerce and politics.
• Other Ethnic Groups/Not Stated:** Smaller groups and those who did not state an ethnicity make up the remainder.

Inter-ethnic relations are generally peaceful, with considerable cultural exchange and intermarriage. Each group has contributed to the national identity through cuisine, music, language, folklore, and traditions.

7.2.3. Garinagu (Garifuna)

The Garinagu (singular: Garifuna) are a unique and resilient ethnic group in Belize, comprising about 4% of the population. Their distinct culture is a fusion of West/Central African, indigenous Arawak, and Island Carib ancestries. Their history is one of resistance, displacement, and cultural preservation.

The origins of the Garifuna trace back to the island of Saint Vincent (Yurumein) in the Eastern Caribbean. Two prevailing theories explain the arrival of their African ancestors: one suggests they were survivors of recorded shipwrecks of slave ships in 1635 or around that time; another posits they may have escaped or taken over the ships they were on. These Africans intermarried with the indigenous Kalinago (Island Carib) and Arawak people on St. Vincent, forming a new community.

They fiercely resisted European colonization, particularly by the British and French. After the Treaty of Paris in 1763, when St. Vincent came under British control, conflicts intensified. The Garinagu, allied with French settlers, fought against British encroachment. After a prolonged struggle, they were defeated by the British in 1796. The British then forcibly separated those they deemed "Black Caribs" (more African-looking) from the "Yellow Caribs" (more indigenous-looking). Approximately 5,000 Garinagu were exiled from St. Vincent and transported to the island of Baliceaux. Many perished during this brutal deportation. About 2,500 survivors were then shipped to the island of Roatán, off the coast of Honduras, in 1797.

Finding Roatán too small and infertile to sustain their population, the Garinagu petitioned Spanish authorities in Honduras for permission to settle on the mainland coast. The Spanish, sometimes employing them as soldiers, allowed their settlement. From Honduras, Garifuna communities spread along the Caribbean coast of Central America, including Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Belize.

Garinagu began settling in Belize (then British Honduras) as early as 1802, establishing communities in places like Seine Bight, Punta Gorda, and Punta Negra, primarily in the southern districts of Stann Creek and Toledo. A major wave of Garifuna migration to Belize occurred in 1832, led by Alejo Beni, from Honduras following civil unrest there. November 19th is officially recognized in Belize as Garifuna Settlement Day, a public holiday celebrating their arrival and contributions to Belizean society, with major festivities held in Dangriga, considered the cultural capital of the Garifuna in Belize.

The Garifuna language is primarily Arawakan-based, with loanwords from Carib languages, French, English, and Spanish. Their rich cultural heritage also includes distinctive music (such as Punta and Paranda), drumming, dance, storytelling, spiritual practices (like the Dugu ceremony), and cuisine (featuring cassava, plantains, fish, and coconut milk). In 2001, UNESCO proclaimed Garifuna language, dance, and music as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, recognizing its cultural significance and the need for its preservation. Genetic studies indicate their ancestry is approximately 76% Sub-Saharan African, 20% Arawak/Island Carib, and 4% European. The Garifuna people have demonstrated remarkable cultural resilience in maintaining their traditions despite historical adversity.

7.3. Languages

Belize has a rich and complex linguistic landscape, reflecting its multicultural heritage. While English is the official language, numerous other languages and creoles are spoken throughout the country, and multilingualism is common.

• English:** As the official language, English is used in government, the legal system, public education, and most media outlets. This is a legacy of Belize's history as a British colony. While widely understood, for many Belizeans, it is spoken as a second language or in a formal context. According to some estimates (e.g., 2010 census data analysis suggests around 62.9% or more speak English, but this includes varying fluency levels).
• Belizean Creole (Kriol):** This is an English-lexified creole language that developed during the colonial era, with influences from African languages (substrates like Miskito, West African, and Bantu languages) and English (lexifier). Kriol is the most widely spoken language in Belize in informal settings and serves as a lingua franca, spoken by about 44.6% of the population as a primary language and understood by a much larger percentage. It is an integral part of Belizean national identity and is used across ethnic groups. A continuum exists between Kriol and Standard English.
• Spanish:** Spanish is widely spoken in Belize, particularly in the northern districts (Corozal, Orange Walk) and western district (Cayo), as well as increasingly in other areas due to immigration from neighboring Spanish-speaking countries and its regional importance. Around 56.6% of the population reported speaking Spanish (2010 census). For many Mestizos and Central American immigrants, it is their first language. In some northern areas, "Kitchen Spanish," a vernacular mixed with Kriol and English, is common.
• Maya Languages:** Several Maya languages are spoken by indigenous Maya communities, primarily in the southern and western parts of the country. These include:
  • Q'eqchi':** Spoken by the Q'eqchi' Maya, mainly in the Toledo District (approx. 6% of the population).
  • Mopan:** Spoken by the Mopan Maya, also primarily in the Toledo District and parts of Stann Creek and Cayo (approx. 3.6% of the population). Mopan is considered an endangered language.
  • Yucatec Maya:** Spoken by Yucatec Maya communities, mainly in the northern districts.
• Garifuna:** An Arawakan-based language with Carib, African, French, English, and Spanish influences, spoken by the Garifuna people, primarily in southern coastal towns like Dangriga, Hopkins, and Punta Gorda (approx. 2.9% of the population). It is recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
• German (Plautdietsch / Low German):** Spoken by the Mennonite communities, particularly the Russian Mennonites in settlements like Spanish Lookout and Shipyard (approx. 3.2% to 4.2% of the population). A minority of Old Order Mennonites speak Pennsylvania Dutch.
• Other Languages:** Smaller communities may speak other languages, including Chinese dialects and Hindi/Bhojpuri among Indo-Belizeans. American Sign Language is used by a small percentage.

Over half the population is considered multilingual. This linguistic diversity is a hallmark of Belizean society, reflecting its history of migration and cultural interaction. There are ongoing efforts to promote and preserve indigenous and minority languages.

7.4. Religion

Belize is a predominantly Christian country with a diversity of denominations, and the constitution guarantees freedom of religion.
According to the 2010 census:

• Roman Catholics** constituted 40.1% of the population. Historically, Catholicism was the majority religion (57% in 1991, 49% in 2000), introduced by Spanish influence and Mestizo settlers. Its proportion has decreased due to the growth of Protestant denominations and an increase in those reporting no religion.
• Protestants** made up 31.8% of the population. This is a diverse group, with the largest denominations being:
  • Pentecostal: 8.4%
  • Adventist: 5.4%
  • Anglican: 4.7% (historically significant due to British colonization)
  • Mennonite: 3.7%
  • Baptist: 3.6%
  • Methodist: 2.9%
  • Nazarene: 2.8%
• Jehovah's Witnesses** accounted for 1.7%.
• Other Religions** were followed by 10.3% of the population. This category includes traditional Maya spiritual practices, Garifuna traditional beliefs (which often blend African and indigenous elements with Christianity), Obeah and Myalism (Afro-Caribbean folk religions), and minorities of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Hindus (primarily among the East Indian community), Buddhists, Muslims (numbering 577 in 2010, with mosques like the Islamic Mission of Belize and Masjid Al-Falah in Belize City), Baháʼís (Belize has one of the highest proportions of Baháʼís per capita in the world according to some estimates, around 2.5% in 2005 by ARDA), and Rastafarians.
• No Religion/Atheist/Agnostic** was professed by 15.5% of the population, indicating a growing secular segment.

The religious landscape of Belize is dynamic, with evangelical and Pentecostal churches showing significant growth in recent decades, similar to trends in other parts of Latin America and the Caribbean. Religious tolerance is generally high, and religious institutions often play an active role in social services and education.

7.5. Education

Belize's education system is structured to provide schooling from early childhood to tertiary levels, with a strong historical influence from church-state partnerships in delivering education. The government aims to improve access, quality, and governance within the sector.

• Structure:**
  • Early Childhood Education:** Kindergartens and preschools are available, though access may vary.
  • Primary Education:** Compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. Many primary schools are managed by religious denominations but receive government funding.
  • Secondary Education:** This level typically covers four years. Access can be limited by factors such as cost, distance, and performance on entrance exams (like the Primary School Examination - PSE).
  • Tertiary Education:** Belize has several tertiary-level institutions. The largest is the University of Belize (UB), established in 2000 by amalgamating several existing institutions, including the University College of Belize (founded in 1986). St. John's College, founded in 1877, has a long history in higher education and offers associate and bachelor's degrees. Other institutions include Galen University and regional campuses of the University of the West Indies (UWI Open Campus). The Belizean government contributes financially to the UWI. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is also an area of focus to equip students with job-market skills.
  • Literacy and Challenges:**

  The literacy rate in Belize was estimated at 79.7% according to the 2010 census, which is relatively high for the region but indicates areas for improvement. Challenges in the education system include:

  • Equitable Access:** Ensuring all children, especially those in rural and remote areas, from low-income families, and with special needs, have access to quality education at all levels.
  • Quality of Education:** Improving teacher training, curriculum development, and educational resources.
  • Culturally Relevant Curricula:** Developing curricula that reflect Belize's diverse ethnic and linguistic heritage, particularly for Maya and Garifuna students.
  • Retention and Completion Rates:** Addressing dropout rates, especially at the secondary level.
  • Funding:** Securing adequate and sustained funding for the education sector.

  The "Education Sector Strategy" (e.g., 2011-2016 and subsequent plans) outlines government objectives to address these challenges, often with support from international partners. Efforts are made to enhance technical and vocational training to better align education with employment needs.

7.6. Health

Belize's healthcare system comprises both public and private sector providers, aiming to offer accessible health services to its population. However, it faces challenges common to many developing nations.

• Healthcare System Structure:**
  • Public Sector:** The Ministry of Health is responsible for overseeing the public healthcare system. This includes a network of government-run hospitals, health centers, and rural health posts. The Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital (KHMH) in Belize City is the country's main public referral hospital. District hospitals provide services in other major towns. Primary healthcare services are delivered through clinics and health posts.
  • Private Sector:** Private hospitals, clinics, and practitioners offer services, primarily in urban areas, often catering to those who can afford private care or have insurance.
  • National Health Insurance (NHI):** Belize has implemented a National Health Insurance scheme in some parts of the country, aiming to provide more equitable access to a defined package of health services.
  • Common Health Issues and Indicators:**

• Challenges:**
  • Access to Care:** Disparities in access exist, particularly for populations in rural and remote areas, indigenous communities, and low-income groups. Geographical barriers and transportation costs can limit access.
  • Quality of Care:** Ensuring consistent quality of care across all facilities and levels is an ongoing challenge. This includes the availability of medical supplies, equipment, and trained personnel.
  • Healthcare Financing and Affordability:** The healthcare system faces funding constraints. Out-of-pocket expenses can be a barrier to care for many Belizeans, even with public services.
  • Human Resources for Health:** Attracting and retaining qualified healthcare professionals, especially specialists and those willing to work in rural areas, is a persistent challenge. "Brain drain" of medical personnel can occur.
  • Infrastructure:** Upgrading and maintaining healthcare facilities and equipment requires continuous investment.

  The government, often with support from international organizations like the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), works to address these challenges through health policies and programs aimed at strengthening primary healthcare, improving health infrastructure, tackling NCDs, and enhancing health equity.

7.7. Social structure and women

Belize's social structure, like many societies, is characterized by variations in the distribution of wealth, power, and prestige. While often described as more egalitarian than some of its Central American neighbors due to its small population and intimate social relations, significant disparities still exist. Class distinctions are present, influenced by factors such as income, education, occupation, and historical background, including ethnicity and family lineage. Wealth is not evenly distributed, and poverty remains a challenge for a segment of the
population, disproportionately affecting rural communities, some ethnic minorities, and female-headed households.

A middle group, composed of individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds, exists. This group is not a monolithic social class but rather encompasses various middle-class and working-class segments, often sharing aspirations for education, cultural respectability, and upward social mobility. These aspirations and associated social practices often distinguish them from what might be termed the "grass roots" majority. Political and economic power has historically been concentrated among a local elite.

• Status of Women, Gender Equality, and Women's Rights:**

The status of women in Belize reflects both progress and persistent challenges in achieving gender equality.

• Economic Participation:** As of 2019, women's participation in the workforce (49.9%) was significantly lower than men's (80.6%). Women are often concentrated in specific sectors, such as services and education, and may face wage gaps and limited opportunities for advancement into leadership positions. Female entrepreneurship is present but may encounter barriers.
• Political Participation:** Women remain underrepresented in political leadership and decision-making roles. In 2019, only 11.1% of seats in Belize's National Assembly were filled by women. Efforts to increase women's political participation face cultural and systemic obstacles.
• Education:** Belize has made strides in girls' education, with relatively high enrollment rates for girls at primary and secondary levels. However, translating educational attainment into equal economic and political opportunities remains a challenge.
• Health:** Women's health issues, particularly maternal health and reproductive rights, are key concerns. Access to reproductive health services, including family planning and maternal care, varies.
• Gender-Based Violence:** Like many countries, Belize grapples with issues of domestic violence, sexual assault, and other forms of gender-based violence. Efforts by government and civil society organizations aim to provide support services for survivors, raise awareness, and strengthen legal protections, but underreporting and effective prosecution remain challenges.
• Legal Rights:** Belizean law formally provides for equal rights for women. The country is a signatory to international conventions on women's rights, such as CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women). However, de facto discrimination and traditional gender roles can limit women's full enjoyment of these rights.
• Social and Cultural Norms:** Traditional gender roles and cultural norms can influence women's opportunities and societal expectations, affecting their participation in public life and their roles within the family and community.

The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report in 2021 ranked Belize 90th out of 156 countries, placing it among the lower-ranking countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. While it scored relatively higher in "economic participation and opportunity" and "health and survival," it ranked very low in "political empowerment." The UN's Gender Inequality Index score for Belize in 2019 was 0.415, ranking it 97th out of 162 countries.

Women's organizations and advocates in Belize are actively working to advance gender equality, promote women's rights, combat gender-based violence, and increase women's leadership in all spheres of life. These efforts are crucial for achieving more inclusive and equitable social development.

7.8. Crime

Crime and public safety are significant concerns in Belize, impacting communities and the country's overall well-being. While Belize is known for its natural beauty and friendly people, it also faces challenges related to various types of criminal activity.

• Main Types of Crime and Crime Rates:**
  • Violent Crime:** Belize has experienced moderate to high rates of violent crime, particularly homicides. The murder rate has fluctuated over the years. In 2023, 87 murders were recorded, resulting in a homicide rate of 19.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. This was lower than neighboring Mexico and Honduras but higher than Guatemala and El Salvador for that year. Much of the violent crime, especially in urban areas like Belize City (particularly its southern part), is attributed to gang activity. Gang warfare often revolves around control of territory for drug dealing, protection of drug smuggling routes, and rivalries.
  • Drug Trafficking:** Due to its geographical location between South American drug-producing regions and North American markets, Belize is used as a transit country for narcotics. This illicit trade fuels gang activity and contributes to corruption and violence. The country's rugged geography, including extensive coastline and jungle, can be exploited by traffickers.
  • Property Crime:** Robberies, burglaries, and theft are also prevalent. In 2023, there were 170 reported robberies, 628 burglaries, and 118 cases of theft. Tourists can sometimes be targets of petty theft or, less commonly, more serious crimes.
  • Other Crimes:** Other criminal activities include human trafficking, domestic violence, and financial crimes.
  • Geographical Distribution:**

  The Belize District, which includes Belize City, consistently records the highest number of murders and other serious crimes compared to other districts. In 2023, for instance, 66% of murders occurred in the Belize District.

  • Government Efforts and Public Safety Concerns:**

  The Belizean government, through the Belize Police Department and other law enforcement agencies, implements various strategies to combat crime and improve public safety. These efforts include:

  • Increased police presence and patrols in high-crime areas.
  • Targeting gang activity and dismantling criminal networks.
  • Interdicting drug trafficking operations, often in cooperation with international partners.
  • Community policing initiatives to build trust and cooperation between the police and the public.
  • Legislative reforms and improvements to the judicial system to enhance prosecution and conviction rates.

  Public safety remains a major concern for citizens and can impact the tourism industry.

  • Social Factors Contributing to Crime:**

  Several social and economic factors are considered to contribute to crime in Belize, including:

  • Poverty and lack of economic opportunities, particularly for youth.
  • Unemployment and underemployment.
  • Breakdown of family structures and social cohesion in some communities.
  • Access to firearms.
  • The allure of illicit economies, such as drug trafficking.
  • Educational challenges and high dropout rates.

  Addressing crime effectively requires a multi-faceted approach that combines law enforcement efforts with social programs aimed at tackling the root causes, providing opportunities for at-risk youth, strengthening communities, and promoting a culture of lawfulness. The impact of crime on communities includes fear, loss of life, injury, economic costs, and a diminished quality of life.

7.9. Largest cities

Belize is a relatively sparsely populated country, and its urban centers are modest in size compared to those in many other nations. The main urban areas serve as hubs for commerce, administration, and population.

• Belize City:** Located in the Belize District, Belize City is the largest city in the country and its primary commercial and industrial center. It was the capital until 1970 when the government was moved to Belmopan following extensive hurricane damage. Belize City remains the country's main port and a crucial transportation hub. Its population according to the 2010 census was 57,169. It is known for its colonial architecture, vibrant Creole culture, and serves as a gateway to many offshore cayes and the Barrier Reef. It also faces significant socio-economic challenges, including crime and infrastructure needs.

• Belmopan:** The capital city of Belize, located in the Cayo District. Belmopan was planned and built as a new capital after Hurricane Hattie devastated Belize City in 1961. It is situated further inland, making it less vulnerable to hurricanes. Government offices, embassies, and the University of Belize are located here. Its population in the 2010 census was 13,939, making it significantly smaller than Belize City. It has a more modern layout compared to other Belizean towns.

• San Ignacio and Santa Elena:** These twin towns are located in the Cayo District in western Belize, near the Guatemalan border. San Ignacio serves as the primary commercial and cultural center for the Cayo District. It is a popular base for exploring nearby Maya ruins (like Xunantunich and Cahal Pech), caves, and nature reserves. The combined population of San Ignacio and Santa Elena in the 2010 census was 17,878, making it the second-largest urban area.

• Orange Walk Town:** The capital of the Orange Walk District in northern Belize. It is a major center for the country's sugar cane industry and has a significant Mestizo population. Its population in the 2010 census was 13,708.

• San Pedro Town:** Located on Ambergris Caye, the largest island off the coast of Belize in the Belize District. San Pedro is the country's primary tourism destination, famous for its proximity to the Belize Barrier Reef, diving, snorkeling, and fishing. It has experienced rapid growth due to tourism. Its population in the 2010 census was 11,767.

• Corozal Town:** The capital of the Corozal District in northern Belize, near the Mexican border. It is known for its tranquil atmosphere and bay-side location. Its population in the 2010 census was 10,287.

• Dangriga:** The capital of the Stann Creek District in southern Belize. Dangriga is considered the cultural capital of the Garifuna people in Belize and is known for its vibrant Garifuna music (especially Punta rock) and culture. Its population in the 2010 census was 9,593.

• Benque Viejo del Carmen:** Located in the Cayo District, very close to the Guatemalan border and near San Ignacio. It has a significant Hispanic population and cultural influence. Its population in the 2010 census was 6,140.

• Punta Gorda:** The capital of the Toledo District, the southernmost district of Belize. It is a diverse town with Maya, Garifuna, East Indian, and Creole populations, serving as a gateway to southern Belize's natural and cultural attractions. Its population in the 2010 census was 5,351.

(Note: Ladyville, with a population of 5,458 in 2010, is a large village in the Belize District near the international airport, functioning somewhat as a suburb of Belize City.)

These urban centers reflect the diverse demographic, economic, and cultural characteristics of Belize, from the bustling commercial hub of Belize City to the tourism-focused San Pedro and the culturally rich Dangriga.

8.1. Cuisine

Belizean cuisine is an amalgamation of flavors reflecting its multicultural makeup, incorporating elements from Maya, Creole, Garifuna, Mestizo (Yucatec Maya and Spanish), East Indian, Chinese, and other immigrant traditions. This blend produces dishes that share similarities with Central American and Caribbean food yet possess a distinctly Belizean character.

• Staple Foods and Dishes:**
  • Rice and Beans:** This is arguably the national dish, often cooked with coconut milk and served with stewed chicken, beef, or pork, along with potato salad or coleslaw and fried plantains.
  • Stew Chicken:** A ubiquitous and beloved dish, chicken is slow-cooked with recado (annatto paste) and other spices.
  • Tamales:** Made from corn dough (masa) filled with chicken or pork, spices, and sometimes vegetables, wrapped in banana or plantain leaves and steamed.
  • Escabeche:** A flavorful onion soup, typically made with chicken, vinegar, and spices, served with corn tortillas.
  • Chirmole (Black Dinner):** A dark, savory soup or stew made with black recado (charred chili paste), chicken or pork, and often served with boiled eggs and tortillas.
  • Relleno Negro:** Similar to Chirmole, a rich black stew often featuring turkey stuffed with ground pork and boiled eggs.
  • Panades (Empanadas):** Fried corn masa turnovers filled with seasoned fish (often smoked), beans, or cheese.
  • Salbutes and Garnaches:** Salbutes are puffy fried corn tortillas topped with shredded chicken, cabbage, tomato, and onion. Garnaches are crispy fried tortillas topped with refried beans, cheese, and pickled onions.
  • Fry Jacks:** Deep-fried dough pieces, often served for breakfast with eggs, beans, and cheese. Johnny cakes (a type of biscuit) are also popular breakfast items.
  • Seafood:** Given its extensive coastline, fresh fish, conch (when in season), lobster, and shrimp are widely available and feature in many dishes, such as grilled fish, conch fritters, and ceviche.
  • Game Meat:** In some rural areas, game meat such as armadillo (hicatee - a river turtle, though now protected), deer, and gibnut (paca) are traditional delicacies.
  • Ethnic Influences:**
    • Maya cuisine:** Features corn (maize) as a central ingredient (tortillas, tamales, atole), beans, squash, chili peppers, and traditional cooking methods like the pibil (pit oven).
    • Garifuna cuisine:** Known for dishes made with cassava (like ereba - cassava bread), plantains, coconut milk, and seafood. Hudut (fish stew with coconut milk and mashed plantains) is a signature Garifuna dish.
    • Mestizo cuisine:** Contributes many of the dishes mentioned above, with strong Yucatec Maya and Spanish influences.
    • Creole cuisine:** Characterized by rice and beans, stew chicken, and the use of local spices and ingredients.
    • East Indian influences:** Curries and roti are enjoyed.
    • Chinese influences:** Fried rice and chow mein are common.
    • Beverages and Desserts:**

Belizean meals often center around locally grown produce, reflecting a close connection to the land. Mealtime is often a communal activity for families. Street food vendors offer a variety of affordable and tasty options.

8.2. Music

The music of Belize is as diverse as its population, drawing from African, European, Maya, and Caribbean traditions. Several distinct genres have emerged, alongside influences from neighboring countries and global trends.

• Punta:** This is perhaps the most internationally recognized Belizean music genre. It originated with the Garifuna people and is characterized by its distinctive call-and-response vocals, complex African-derived drumming rhythms (using instruments like the primera and segunda drums), and energetic, sensual dance. Punta rock, a modern, electrified version pioneered by artists like Pen Cayetano and Andy Palacio, gained international acclaim. Andy Palacio's album "Wátina" (2007) was a critical success worldwide.
• Brukdown (Brokdong):** This is a traditional Belizean Creole genre that evolved from the music and dance of loggers during the colonial era, particularly a form called buru. It features call-and-response singing, often with witty or satirical lyrics, accompanied by instruments like the banjo, guitar, accordion, drums (often improvised), and sometimes a donkey's jawbone for percussion. Wilfred Peters, known as "Mr. Peters," was a legendary Brukdown musician.
• Paranda:** Another Garifuna genre, Paranda is more melodic and melancholic than Punta, often featuring acoustic guitar, Garifuna drums, and heartfelt vocals. It blends African and Latin influences. Paul Nabor was a renowned Paranda artist.
• Cumbia:** Due to the significant Mestizo population and proximity to Latin American countries, Cumbia is very popular in Belize, especially in the northern and western regions. Belizean bands often play Cumbia for dances and celebrations.
• Maya Music:** Traditional Maya music often involves marimbas, flutes, drums, and rattles, used in ceremonial and social contexts.
• Reggae, Dancehall, Soca:** Music from Jamaica and other Caribbean islands, such as reggae, dancehall, and soca, is widely popular, particularly among Creole youth.
• Latin Music:** Reggaeton, banda, and other Latin genres from neighboring countries have also gained popularity.
• Other Influences:** Rap, hip-hop, R&B, rock, and pop music from the United States and elsewhere are also enjoyed, especially by younger generations.

Belizean musicians continue to create and perform, blending traditional forms with contemporary sounds, reflecting the country's dynamic cultural identity. Music is an integral part of festivals, social gatherings, and daily life in Belize.

8.3. Sports

Sports play an important role in Belizean culture and recreation, with several disciplines enjoying popular followings.

• Football (Soccer):** This is the most popular sport in Belize. The country has a national league, the Premier League of Belize, and the Belize national team competes in regional (CONCACAF) and international competitions. While they have not achieved major international success, football is widely played and followed at community levels.
• Basketball:** Basketball is also very popular, particularly in urban areas. The Belize national basketball team has had some notable successes, including winning the 1998 CARICOM Men's Basketball Championship and participating in the Centrobasquet Tournament.
• Cycling:** Cycling has a strong tradition in Belize, highlighted by the annual Holy Saturday Cross Country Cycling Classic. This grueling one-day race from Belize City to San Ignacio and back is a major national sporting event, attracting local and international cyclists. It was initiated by Monrad Metzgen, inspired by people cycling long distances on the Northern Highway.
• Volleyball:** Volleyball is played both recreationally and competitively.
• Softball and Baseball:** Softball has a significant following, and baseball is played in some communities, particularly in the Cayo District.
• Canoeing and Kayaking:** The La Ruta Maya Belize River Challenge, a multi-day canoe race held annually in March, is another major sporting event. The race covers approximately 180 mile from San Ignacio to Belize City along the Belize River.
• Athletics (Track and Field):** Athletics is part of the school sports curriculum and Belize participates in regional athletic competitions.
• Boat racing:** Popular in coastal areas and cayes.
• Fishing:** Sport fishing is a popular recreational activity, attracting tourists, and local fishing tournaments are also held. For example, Dangriga hosts an annual Easter fishing tournament.
• Other Sports:** Smaller followings exist for sports like cricket (a legacy of British influence, though less prominent than in other Caribbean Commonwealth nations) and rugby.

The National Sports Council of Belize oversees sports development, while the Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association manages participation in those events. Challenges in sports development include limited funding, facilities, and resources. However, sports remain a unifying force and a source of national pride.

Simone Biles, the highly decorated American gymnast, holds dual citizenship with Belize (through her adoptive mother/grandmother, Nellie Cayetano, who is Belizean) and considers Belize her second home. She is of Belizean-American descent (Garifuna). Her success has brought positive attention to Belize.

8.4. Public holidays and festivals

Belize observes a number of public holidays that reflect its historical, cultural, and religious heritage. Many are traditional Commonwealth and Christian holidays, while others are unique to Belize. The month of September is particularly significant, known as the "September Celebrations," a period of national pride and festivities.

• Major Public Holidays:**

• Significant Festivals and Celebrations:**
  • September Celebrations:** The entire month of September is filled with patriotic events, parades, concerts, and cultural presentations leading up to St. George's Caye Day and Independence Day.
  • Carnival:** A major highlight of the September Celebrations in Belize City is the Carnival Road March, typically held the Saturday before St. George's Caye Day. It features colorful costumes, music, and dancing. Some other areas of Belize celebrate Carnival at the traditional pre-Lenten time (February/March).
  • Garifuna Settlement Day (November 19):** This is a vibrant celebration of Garifuna culture, particularly in Dangriga, Hopkins, Punta Gorda, and Seine Bight. It includes reenactments of the Garifuna arrival by dory (dugout canoe), drumming, dancing (like Punta), traditional food, and religious ceremonies.
  • Easter:** Celebrated with religious services and often with local fairs, sports events (like the Holy Saturday Cross Country Cycling Classic), and family gatherings.
  • Cashew Festival (Crooked Tree Village):** Celebrates the cashew harvest with food, music, and cultural activities.
  • Chocolate Festival (Toledo District):** Highlights the region's cacao production and Maya heritage related to chocolate.
  • Lobster Festivals (Caye Caulker, Placencia, San Pedro):** Celebrate the opening of the lobster season with culinary events and festivities.
  • Deer Dance Festival (San Antonio, Toledo District):** A traditional Maya festival.
  • Costa Maya Festival (San Pedro, Ambergris Caye):** An international festival celebrating Maya culture from Belize and neighboring countries with music, dance, pageants, and food.

  These holidays and festivals showcase Belize's diverse cultural expressions, promote national unity, and provide opportunities for communities to celebrate their unique traditions.