Mauritius

3.1. Early history

The island of Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visits. Arab sailors are believed to have discovered it around 975 AD, naming it Dina Arobi. The Treaty of Tordesillas granted Portugal the right to colonize this part of the world. In 1507, Portuguese navigator Diogo Fernandes Pereira became the first European known to land on the uninhabited island, naming it "Ilha do Cisne" (Island of the Swan). The Portuguese established a visiting base but did not create permanent settlements as they were not highly interested in these islands. The Mascarene Islands, which include Mauritius, Rodrigues, and Réunion, were named after Pedro Mascarenhas, Viceroy of Portuguese India, who visited the islands in 1512. Rodrigues Island was named after Portuguese explorer Diogo Rodrigues, who encountered it in 1528.

3.2. Dutch Mauritius (1598-1710)

In 1598, a Dutch fleet under Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck landed at what is now Grand Port and took possession of the island, renaming it Mauritius after Prince Maurice van Nassau, the stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch established their first settlement in 1638, aiming to exploit the island's valuable ebony forests. They introduced sugar cane from Java, domestic animals, and deer. Dutch navigator Abel Tasman used Mauritius as a base for his expeditions to seek the Great Southern Land, during which he mapped parts of Tasmania, New Zealand, and New Guinea.

The first Dutch settlement lasted for 20 years. To support their activities, including felling ebony trees and working on newly established tobacco and sugar cane plantations, the Dutch East India Company brought enslaved people from Madagascar in 1639. They also began producing arrack using the imported sugar cane. Several subsequent attempts were made by the Dutch to establish a permanent and profitable colony. However, these settlements struggled due to various hardships, including cyclones, droughts, pest infestations, food shortages, and diseases. The settlements never developed sufficiently to produce significant dividends, leading the Dutch to abandon Mauritius permanently in 1710. One contemporary account from 1755 suggests that the island was abandoned partly due to the proliferation of long-tailed macaque monkeys, introduced by Portuguese sailors from Southeast Asia, which reportedly destroyed crops and were so numerous that the island was sometimes called the "Island of Monkeys." The Dutch colonial period also marked the beginning of significant ecological changes, most notably contributing to the extinction of the dodo, a flightless bird endemic to the island.

3.3. French Mauritius (Isle de France) (1715-1810)

After the Dutch departure, France, which already controlled the neighboring Île Bourbon (now Réunion), took control of Mauritius in 1715 and renamed it Isle de France. The French period was marked by significant development, particularly under Governor Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, who arrived in 1735. La Bourdonnais was instrumental in transforming Port Louis into a strategic naval base and a shipbuilding center. He oversaw the construction of numerous buildings, many of which still stand, including parts of Government House, the Château de Mon Plaisir, and the Line Barracks (now the police headquarters). Under his governorship, a prosperous economy based on sugar production began to flourish. The island was initially administered by the French East India Company, which maintained its presence until 1767, after which it came under direct French royal administration.

The development of the sugar industry and other agricultural ventures relied heavily on enslaved labor. During French rule, large numbers of enslaved people were brought from various parts of Africa, including Mozambique and Zanzibar, as well as from Madagascar. Slave traders, including Sakalava from Madagascar and Arabs operating along the Swahili coast and Portuguese Mozambique, supplied enslaved individuals to the markets in Mauritius, Réunion, and India, often stopping at Seychelles for supplies. Between 1769 and 1793, it is estimated that 45% of the 80,000 slaves imported to Réunion and Mauritius were supplied by Sakalava traders, with the remainder coming from Arab traders. This forced migration dramatically increased the island's population; by the late 18th century, enslaved Africans accounted for about 80% of the population, and by the early 19th century, there were approximately 60,000 enslaved people on the island.

In 1723, the Code Noir (Black Code) was implemented to regulate slavery. This legal code explicitly categorized enslaved individuals as "goods" or property, allowing owners to claim insurance or compensation for the loss of their "human property." This system institutionalized the brutal exploitation and dehumanization of enslaved people, forming the backbone of the colonial economy.
In early 1729, a group of Indian craftsmen from Pondicherry, India, arrived in Mauritius. Their work contracts were formalized in 1734, at which point they gained their freedom, contributing to the island's diverse artisanal skills.

From 1767 to 1810, except for a brief period during the French Revolution when the inhabitants established a government virtually independent of France, the island was controlled by officials appointed by the French government. Notable figures during this era included Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, who lived on the island from 1768 to 1771 and later wrote the famous novel Paul et Virginie, which romanticized Isle de France. In 1796, settlers briefly broke away from French control when the revolutionary government in Paris attempted to abolish slavery. Two important governors were Vicomte de Souillac, who constructed the Chaussée in Port Louis and encouraged settlement in the Savanne district, and Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, who aimed to make Mauritius the French headquarters in the Indian Ocean instead of Pondicherry. General Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen served as governor from 1803 to 1810. During the Napoleonic Wars, Isle de France became a base for French corsairs who conducted successful raids on British commercial shipping. These raids continued until 1810 when a Royal Navy expedition led by Commodore Josias Rowley was sent to capture the island. Despite a French naval victory at the Battle of Grand Port in August 1810, the British successfully landed at Cap Malheureux three months later. The French surrendered on 3 December 1810. The terms of capitulation allowed settlers to retain their land, property, and to continue using the French language and French law in civil and criminal matters. Under British rule, the island's name reverted to Mauritius.

3.4. British Mauritius (1810-1968)

The British administration, beginning with Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar as the first governor, brought rapid social and economic changes. An early controversial event was the Ratsitatane episode. Ratsitatane, a Malagasy prince and political prisoner, escaped and plotted a slave rebellion but was betrayed, captured, and summarily executed in 1822. His head was displayed as a deterrent.

The abolition of slavery in 1835 had profound impacts on Mauritian society and its economy. The planters, who received 2.00 M GBP in compensation for the loss of their enslaved workforce, faced a severe labor shortage. This led to the large-scale importation of indentured labour from India. This period also saw the establishment of the first Mauritian newspaper not controlled by the government, Le Cernéen, launched by Adrien d'Épinay in 1832. To counter potential unrest following the move to abolish slavery, the government ordered inhabitants to surrender arms and constructed Fort Adelaide (the Citadel) in Port Louis.

Mauritius became the British Empire's main sugar-producing colony. The sugar industry dominated the economy and political life. Political institutions began to develop, with a Legislative Council established. However, representation was initially limited. The 1885 constitution, known as Cens Démocratique, introduced elected positions but the franchise was restricted, mainly benefiting the white French and wealthy Indian elite. In 1886, Governor John Pope Hennessy nominated Gnanadicarayen Arlanda as the first Indo-Mauritian member of the Legislative Council.

The early 20th century saw modernization, with motorcars introduced in 1903 and taxis in 1910. Port Louis was electrified in 1909. Political agitation grew, with the rising middle class challenging the dominance of sugar landowners. Eugène Laurent's Action Libérale party advocated for expanded suffrage, opposed by Henri Leclézio's Parti de l'Ordre. Riots in Port Louis in 1911 (the 1911 Curepipe riots) stemmed from these tensions. World War I (1914-1918) was a period of prosperity due to high sugar prices, leading to the formation of the Mauritius Sugar Syndicate in 1919. The 1920s saw a "retrocessionism" movement advocating Mauritius's return to France, but it quickly failed.

The Great Depression led to a sharp drop in sugar prices. In 1936, the Labour Party was founded by Maurice Curé, with Emmanuel Anquetil organizing urban workers and Pandit Sahadeo focusing on rural workers. The Uba riots of 1937, sparked by harsh labor conditions on sugar estates, led to reforms and the unbanning of labor unions. Labour Day was first celebrated in 1938. During World War II, many Mauritians served with British forces. The war brought economic hardship, with commodity prices doubling while wages rose minimally. Civil unrest included the 1943 Belle Vue Harel Massacre, where police fired on striking sugar estate laborers, killing four. Social worker Basdeo Bissoondoyal became prominent in advocating for workers' rights.

The 1947 Constitution expanded suffrage to all adults who could write their name in one of the island's 19 languages, abolishing previous gender and property qualifications. In the 1948 elections, the Labour Party, led by Guy Rozemont, won a majority of elected seats. However, the Governor-General appointed conservatives to maintain Franco-Mauritian dominance. Emilienne Rochecouste became the first woman elected to the Legislative Council. The Labour Party, later led by Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, continued to gain strength, winning the 1959 election held under universal adult suffrage. Constitutional conferences in London in 1955 and 1957 led to further constitutional advancements, including the introduction of a ministerial system.

3.4.2. Path to independence

The mid-20th century witnessed a growing political consciousness and a burgeoning movement for self-determination in Mauritius. The expansion of suffrage and the rise of political parties, notably the Labour Party under figures like Guy Rozemont and later Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, were pivotal in this process. The Labour Party, drawing significant support from the Indo-Mauritian population and rural workers, advocated for greater political rights, social reforms, and eventual independence.

Constitutional developments throughout the 1950s and 1960s gradually transferred more power to elected Mauritian representatives. Key milestones included the introduction of universal adult suffrage in 1959 and further constitutional advancements agreed upon at conferences in London in 1961 and 1965 (the Lancaster Conference). These conferences paved the way for full independence.

However, the path to independence was not without challenges. Ethnic tensions and communal politics became more pronounced. Reports by academics Richard Titmuss and James Meade highlighted social problems linked to overpopulation and the monoculture of sugar cane, leading to campaigns to control population growth. Political rivalries also intensified. In early 1965, Labour activist Rampersad Surath was assassinated by thugs associated with the rival Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate (PMSD), a conservative party primarily supported by Franco-Mauritians and some Creoles, which opposed immediate independence. Racial riots erupted in May 1965 in Trois Boutiques and Mahébourg, following the murder of a police constable and a civilian, leading to a nationwide state of emergency. These events underscored the deep social divisions and anxieties surrounding the transition to independence.

The 1965 Lancaster Conference made it clear that Britain intended to grant independence. A controversial decision made at this time was the excision of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritian territory by the UK to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). This act, done three years before independence, remains a contentious issue and is seen by Mauritius as a violation of its territorial integrity and UN resolutions on decolonization.

The general election of 7 August 1967 was effectively a referendum on independence. The Independence Party, an alliance led by the Labour Party and including the Independent Forward Bloc (IFB) and the Muslim Committee of Action (CAM), campaigned for independence and won a majority. The PMSD, which advocated for continued association with Britain, lost. Despite this electoral victory, tensions remained high, culminating in the 1968 Mauritian riots in Port Louis just weeks before independence, resulting in 25 deaths. These riots primarily involved clashes between Creole and Muslim communities, fueled by socio-economic grievances and political uncertainty.

3.5. Independence and Commonwealth Realm (1968-1992)

Mauritius achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 12 March 1968. It became a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as the head of state, represented by a Governor-General. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, leader of the Labour Party, became the country's first Prime Minister. The newly independent nation faced significant challenges, including high unemployment, ethnic tensions, and economic dependence on sugar.

The Ramgoolam government focused on nation-building, economic diversification, and maintaining social stability. Key initiatives included the establishment of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in 1971, which attracted foreign investment in manufacturing, particularly textiles, and helped to alleviate unemployment. Tourism also began to develop as an important economic sector.

Politically, the early years of independence saw the rise of a new opposition force, the Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), founded in 1969 by Paul Bérenger. The MMM, with a socialist platform and strong support from trade unions and youth, quickly gained popularity. In 1971, a series of strikes called by the MMM led to a state of emergency. The government responded by curtailing civil liberties, curbing press freedom, and imprisoning MMM leaders, including Bérenger. There were also two apparent assassination attempts against Bérenger, which resulted in the deaths of his supporters Fareed Muttur and Azor Adélaïde. General elections due in 1972 were postponed.

Despite these challenges, Mauritius made progress in social development. In 1973, it became the first country in Africa to be declared free from malaria. In May 1975, a student revolt originating at the University of Mauritius spread across the country, fueled by dissatisfaction with the education system and employment prospects. This unrest led to legislative changes, including extending the voting age to 18 in December 1975.

The 1976 general election saw the MMM win the most seats (34 out of 70), but Ramgoolam's Labour Party (28 seats) managed to form a coalition government with the Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate (PMSD) led by Gaetan Duval, thus narrowly retaining power.

In the 1982 general election, a coalition of the MMM and the Parti Socialiste Mauricien (PSM), led by Anerood Jugnauth, won a landslide victory, marking a significant political shift. Jugnauth became Prime Minister, with Bérenger as Finance Minister. However, ideological differences and power struggles within the coalition led to its collapse in 1983. Jugnauth formed a new party, the Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), and, in alliance with the Labour Party and the PMSD, won the August 1983 general election. This period under Jugnauth saw continued economic growth, particularly in the EPZ sector and tourism. The stock exchange opened in 1989, and a freeport began operations in 1992. In 1990, an attempt by the Prime Minister to change the constitution to make Mauritius a republic with Bérenger as president failed to pass.

3.6. Republic (since 1992)

On 12 March 1992, Mauritius transitioned from a Commonwealth Realm to a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations. The monarch was removed as head of state. The last Governor-General of Mauritius, Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, became the first President in an interim capacity, and was succeeded by Cassam Uteem later that year. Political power remained with the Prime Minister.

The 1990s and 2000s saw a continuation of Mauritius's multi-party democracy, with regular elections leading to changes in government. Despite economic improvements, challenges persisted. In 1984, the government's attempt to impose a hefty bank guarantee on newspapers through the Newspapers and Periodicals Amendment Act led to protests by journalists and a public outcry, forcing a policy review. Dissatisfaction in the education sector also grew.

In December 1995, Navin Ramgoolam, son of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, became Prime Minister leading a Labour Party-MMM alliance. This period was marked by events such as the triple murder of political activists in Port Louis in October 1996. Civil unrest and riots occurred in February 1999 (the 1999 Mauritian riots, following the death in police custody of popular singer Kaya) and May 1999 (the 1999 L'Amicale riots, related to a fire at a casino). President Cassam Uteem and Cardinal Jean Margéot toured the country to restore calm. A commission of inquiry investigated the root causes of the social disturbances, highlighting issues of poverty and social exclusion.

Sir Anerood Jugnauth (MSM) returned to power in September 2000 in an alliance with the MMM. In 2002, the island of Rodrigues gained autonomous status within the republic. In a pre-arranged power-sharing deal, Paul Bérenger (MMM) became Prime Minister in 2003, the first Franco-Mauritian to hold the office post-independence, while Jugnauth became President.

Navin Ramgoolam (Labour Party) became Prime Minister again after the 2005 elections and retained power in the 2010 elections. The MSM-led coalition under Anerood Jugnauth won the 2014 elections. In January 2017, Sir Anerood Jugnauth resigned as Prime Minister and handed over power to his son, Pravind Jugnauth, who was then Finance Minister. This mid-term transfer of power drew criticism from opposition parties. In 2018, President Ameenah Gurib-Fakim resigned over a financial scandal. Prithvirajsing Roopun has served as President since December 2019.

The ruling MSM, led by Pravind Jugnauth, won the November 2019 general elections, securing him a new five-year term. On 25 July 2020, the Japanese-owned bulk carrier MV Wakashio ran aground on a coral reef off the coast of Mauritius, leading to a significant oil spill of up to 1,000 tonnes of heavy oil into a pristine lagoon. The government declared an environmental state of emergency. The incident, occurring near protected marine ecosystems, was considered one of the worst environmental disasters in the western Indian Ocean and sparked protests against the government's handling of the crisis.

In the general election held on 10 November 2024, the opposition coalition, Alliance du Changement, led by former Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam, won a landslide victory, securing 60 out of 64 seats. Navin Ramgoolam subsequently became the new Prime Minister.

4.1. Mauritius Island

Mauritius Island, the nation's political and economic hub where the majority of the population is concentrated, is located about 1.2 K mile ^{(2.00 K km)} off the southeastern coast of Africa, east of Madagascar. It lies between latitudes 19°58.8'S and 20°31.7'S and longitudes 57°18.0'E and 57°46.5'E. The island is approximately 40 mile ^{(65 km)} long and 28 mile ^{(45 km)} wide, with a land area of 0.7 K mile^{2 (1.86 K km2)}.
Mauritius Island is relatively young geologically, formed by volcanic activity some 8 million years ago. These volcanic eruptions occurred thousands of kilometers east of the continental block of Africa and Madagascar, as part of the Réunion hotspot activity which now rests under Réunion Island. Mauritius is no longer volcanically active. The island's topography features a broken ring of mountain ranges, varying in height from 984 ft ^{(300 m)} to 2625 ft ^{(800 m)} above sea level, encircling a central plateau. The land rises from coastal plains to this central plateau, which reaches an altitude of about 2198 ft ^{(670 m)}. The highest peak is Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire in the southwest, at 2717 ft ^{(828 m)}. The island is characterized by numerous streams and rivers, many of which have formed in the cracks created by ancient lava flows.
The island is renowned for its natural environment, including more than 93 mile ^{(150 km)} of white sandy beaches and lagoons protected from the open sea by the world's third-largest coral reef system, which surrounds the island. Off the Mauritian coast lie some 49 uninhabited islands and islets, several of which have been declared natural reserves for endangered species. The capital and largest city, Port Louis, is located on Mauritius Island. Other major urban areas include Curepipe, Vacoas-Phoenix, Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, and Quatre Bornes, mostly situated on the central plateau.

4.2. Rodrigues Island

The autonomous island of Rodrigues is located approximately 348 mile ^{(560 km)} east of the main island of Mauritius. It has an area of 42 mile^{2 (108 km2)}. Rodrigues is a volcanic island that rises from a ridge along the edge of the Mascarene Plateau. The island is hilly, with a central spine culminating in its highest peak, Mountain Limon, at 1306 ft ^{(398 m)}. Rodrigues also possesses a surrounding coral reef and extensive limestone deposits. As of 1 July 2019, the population of Rodrigues was estimated at 43,371. The main industries include farming, fishing, and tourism. Rodrigues has a distinct Creole culture and its own dialect of Mauritian Creole. It has a degree of autonomy in its governance, with its own Regional Assembly.

4.3. Agaléga Islands

The Agaléga Islands consist of two islands, North Island and South Island, located approximately 0.6 K mile ^{(1.00 K km)} north of the main island of Mauritius. North Island is 7.8 mile ^{(12.5 km)} long and 0.9 mile ^{(1.5 km)} wide, while South Island is 4.3 mile ^{(7 km)} long and 2.8 mile ^{(4.5 km)} wide. The total land area of both islands is 10 mile^{2 (26 km2)}. The primary industry is coconut cultivation and the production of copra and coconut oil. As of 1 July 2019, the population of Agaléga and St. Brandon combined was estimated at 274. Life on Agaléga is relatively isolated, with basic infrastructure. India has been involved in developing strategic infrastructure on Agaléga, including an airstrip and jetty.

4.4. St. Brandon (Cargados Carajos Shoals)

St. Brandon, also known as the Cargados Carajos Shoals, is an archipelago located about 250 mile ^{(402 km)} northeast of Mauritius Island. It consists of a group of over 28 to 40 sandbanks, shoals, and small islets, spread over a vast coral reef. The total land area is small, and the islands are low-lying and subject to change from seasonal storms and cyclones. St. Brandon is primarily used as a fishing base, particularly for the Raphael Fishing Company, which holds a permanent grant for some of the islands. The archipelago is ecologically significant, with rich marine biodiversity and important seabird colonies. In 2002, St. Brandon was ranked by UNESCO for potential inclusion as a World Heritage Site. The Saint Brandon Conservation Trust was launched in 2024 to protect, restore, and conserve the atoll.

4.5. Other islands and territorial claims

Mauritius possesses several other smaller, mostly uninhabited, islets closer to the main island, many of which are nature reserves.
The Republic of Mauritius also has territorial claims over two islands administered by other countries:

• Tromelin Island**: Located about 267 mile ^{(430 km)} north-west of Mauritius, Tromelin is administered by France as part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Mauritius claims sovereignty based on the argument that Tromelin was a dependency of Isle de France (Mauritius) at the time of its cession to Britain in the 1814 Treaty of Paris and thus should be part of Mauritian territory. The treaty specifically mentioned Rodrigues and Seychelles as dependencies but was general regarding others. France contends that Tromelin was never explicitly transferred. British authorities in Mauritius took administrative measures concerning Tromelin, such as granting guano concessions between 1901 and 1951. In 1959, British officials in Mauritius informed the World Meteorological Organization that it considered Tromelin part of its territory. A co-management treaty was reached by France and Mauritius in 2010 but has not been ratified.
• Chagos Archipelago**: Mauritius claims sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago, which is currently administered by the United Kingdom as the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). This dispute is detailed in a separate section due to its complexity and significance.

6.1. Biodiversity

Mauritius is renowned for its unique and diverse flora and fauna, with many species endemic to the country. This biodiversity is a result of its volcanic origin, age, isolation, and varied terrain. Before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1507, the island had no terrestrial mammals, which allowed for the evolution of several flightless bird species and large reptiles.

Human settlement and the introduction of non-native species have severely threatened the indigenous flora and fauna. The rapid destruction of habitat led to the loss of much endemic biodiversity. Most famously, the dodo (Raphus cucullatus), a flightless bird unique to Mauritius, became extinct in the late 17th century, soon after human arrival. The dodo's extinction has become a global symbol of human-caused species loss and is prominently featured as a supporter on the national coat of arms of Mauritius. Several other avian species also became extinct following human settlement.

Less than 2% of the original native forest remains, primarily concentrated in areas such as the Black River Gorges National Park in the southwest, the Bambous Mountain Range in the southeast, and the Moka-Port Louis Ranges in the northwest. Remnants of coastal and mainland biodiversity also persist on some isolated mountains like Corps de Garde and Le Morne Brabant, and on several offshore islets. Over 100 species of plants and animals have become extinct, and many more are currently threatened.

Conservation efforts began in the 1980s, with programs focused on the reproduction of threatened bird and plant species, as well as habitat restoration within national parks and nature reserves. Endemic animals such as the echo parakeet, the Mauritius kestrel, and the pink pigeon, which were once critically endangered, have survived due to intensive and successful ongoing conservation programs. The Mauritian flying fox is the only remaining endemic mammal on the island. Its population faced severe threats due to government-sanctioned culling initiated in November 2015, based on the belief that they posed a threat to fruit plantations. This culling led to a decline in its population, and its IUCN status, which had improved from Endangered to Vulnerable in 2014 (due to a lack of severe cyclones allowing population increase), reverted to Endangered following these culls. In October 2018, a cull of 20% of the estimated 65,000 remaining fruit bats (approximately 13,000 individuals) was authorized.

The marine biodiversity around Mauritius is also rich, supported by extensive coral reef systems. These reefs, however, face threats from climate change, pollution, and human activities.

6.2. Environmental issues and conservation

Mauritius faces several significant environmental challenges. One of the most notable recent incidents was the MV Wakashio oil spill in July 2020. The Japanese-owned bulk carrier ran aground on a coral reef off the southeastern coast, leaking up to 1,000 tonnes of heavy oil into a pristine lagoon, including the Blue Bay Marine Park and nearby wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites). Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth declared an environmental state of emergency. The spill caused extensive damage to marine ecosystems and highlighted the vulnerability of the island's coastal environment. The government's response to the spill drew criticism and led to public protests.

Climate change poses a serious threat to Mauritius, an island nation. Impacts include sea-level rise, which threatens coastal infrastructure and ecosystems; increased frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones; changes in rainfall patterns leading to both droughts and floods; and coral bleaching due to rising sea temperatures.

Other environmental issues include coastal erosion, water pollution from agricultural runoff and wastewater, land degradation, and biodiversity loss due to habitat destruction and invasive species.

The Mauritian government has implemented various environmental conservation policies and sustainable development initiatives. These include the protection of national parks and nature reserves, reforestation programs, efforts to control invasive alien species, and the promotion of renewable energy. The Ministry of Environment, Solid Waste Management and Climate Change is responsible for formulating and implementing environmental policies. Mauritius is also committed to international environmental agreements and aims to transition towards a greener economy. Social implications of these conservation efforts include balancing development needs with environmental protection and ensuring that local communities benefit from sustainable practices. For instance, the declaration of St. Brandon as an official Mauritian Wildlife Foundation project in 2016 aims to promote the conservation of the atoll, and a "Mauritius Environment Outlook Report" in 2011 had recommended its designation as a Marine Protected Area.

7.1. Government structure

The executive branch is headed by the President, who is the head of state. The President is elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term. The powers of the President are largely ceremonial.
The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President and is typically the leader of the majority party or coalition in the National Assembly. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers (Cabinet) hold effective executive power and are responsible to the National Assembly.

7.2. National Assembly

Legislative power is vested in the National Assembly, which is a unicameral legislature. It was known as the Legislative Assembly until 1992. The National Assembly consists of 70 members. Sixty-two members are elected for four-year terms in multi-member constituencies (20 three-member constituencies on Mauritius island and one two-member constituency for Rodrigues island).
A unique feature of the Mauritian electoral system is the Best Loser System. After the direct election results, the Electoral Supervisory Commission may appoint up to eight additional members, known as "best losers," from unsuccessful candidates who gained a significant number of votes. This system is designed to ensure equitable representation of ethnic and religious minorities in Parliament and to ensure that the party or alliance that wins the majority of seats but not necessarily the majority of votes can form a stable government. The UN Human Rights Committee has criticized the Best Loser System for its ethnic-based allocation, following complaints. The system aims to balance representation but has been debated for its impact on national unity versus communal identification.

The political party or alliance that wins the majority of seats in Parliament forms the government. Its leader becomes the Prime Minister. The Assembly elects a Speaker, a Deputy Speaker, and a Deputy Chairman of Committees.

7.3. Political parties

Mauritius has a vibrant multi-party system. Elections have tended to be contests between two major coalitions of parties. Major political parties include:

• The Labour Party (PTr): One of the oldest parties, traditionally drawing support from the Indo-Mauritian Hindu community and Creoles.
• The Militant Socialist Movement (MSM): Formed by Anerood Jugnauth, often allied with other parties, and currently a major political force.
• The Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM): Founded by Paul Bérenger, traditionally with a socialist ideology and support from various ethnic groups, particularly Creoles and urban populations.
• The Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate (PMSD): A conservative party, historically representing Franco-Mauritians and sections of the Creole community.

Coalition politics are common, with parties frequently forming alliances before elections.

7.4. Legal system

Mauritius has a hybrid legal system, drawing from both English common law (primarily in public and administrative law, and procedures) and French civil law (derived from the Napoleonic Code, particularly in private law areas like contract and tort). The Constitution of Mauritius is the supreme law.
The judiciary is independent. The highest court of law is the Supreme Court of Mauritius. It has various divisions, including the Master's Court, Family Division, Commercial Division (Bankruptcy), Criminal Division, Mediation Division, and serves as a court of first instance as well as an appellate court (Court of Civil Appeal and Court of Criminal Appeal). Subordinate courts include the Intermediate Court, the Industrial Court, District Courts, the Bail and Remand Court, and the Court of Rodrigues.
The final court of appeal for Mauritius is the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. Appeals can be made as of right or with leave from the Supreme Court, as stipulated in the Constitution and the Courts Act.

7.5. Administrative subdivisions

The Republic of Mauritius is divided into several administrative units. The main island of Mauritius is subdivided into nine districts: Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Rivière du Rempart, Rivière Noire, and Savanne.
The Outer Islands of Mauritius include Rodrigues, Agaléga, and St. Brandon. Rodrigues has a significant degree of autonomy, with its own Regional Assembly and executive council, allowing it to manage local affairs. Agaléga and St. Brandon are administered directly by the central government.

7.6. Military and security

Mauritius does not have a standing army. All military, police, and security functions are carried out by about 10,000 active-duty personnel under the Commissioner of Police. The 8,000-member National Police Force is responsible for domestic law enforcement. There are two paramilitary units: the 1,400-member Special Mobile Force (SMF) and the 688-member National Coast Guard. Both units consist of police officers on long-term rotation. Mauritius also has a special operations military unit known as 'GIPM' (Groupe d'Intervention de la Police Mauricienne) for counter-terrorism and high-risk operations. Defense and security are primarily focused on maritime surveillance, anti-piracy, and internal security.

8.1. Key bilateral and multilateral relations

Mauritius has particularly close ties with several key partner countries:

• India**: Relations are exceptionally strong due to deep historical, cultural, and ethnic ties, with a large population of Indo-Mauritian descent. India is a major development partner, providing economic assistance, technical expertise, and security cooperation.
• France**: As a former colonial power, France maintains significant cultural, economic, and linguistic links with Mauritius. France is an important trading partner, source of tourism, and provider of development aid. The French language remains widely used.
• United Kingdom**: As the last colonial power before independence, the UK has historical ties and remains an important partner in trade, investment, and education. The Chagos Archipelago dispute is a significant point of contention in bilateral relations.
• African Nations**: Geographically part of Africa, Mauritius has friendly relations with African states, particularly within Southern and Eastern Africa. South Africa is a major trading partner. Mauritian investors are increasingly active in African markets like Madagascar, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe.
• China**: Mauritius established diplomatic relations with China in 1972 and has since developed strong economic and trade links. China has invested in infrastructure projects in Mauritius.
• United States**: Relations with the US are important, particularly concerning the military base on Diego Garcia in the Chagos Archipelago.
• European Union**: Mauritius has close ties with the EU and its member states, benefiting from trade agreements and development assistance.

Mauritius has also been extending its outreach to the Middle East, including establishing an embassy in Saudi Arabia, whose ambassador also covers Bahrain.

8.2. Role in international organizations

Mauritius is an active member of numerous international and regional organizations, reflecting its commitment to multilateralism:

• United Nations (UN)**: Mauritius participates actively in various UN agencies and initiatives.
• African Union (AU)**: As an African nation, Mauritius is involved in AU efforts towards peace, security, and development on the continent.
• Commonwealth of Nations**: Mauritius is an active member, upholding democratic values and participating in Commonwealth programs.
• La Francophonie**: Reflecting its French linguistic and cultural heritage, Mauritius plays a role in the organization of French-speaking countries.
• Southern African Development Community (SADC)**: Mauritius is a member of this regional economic bloc, promoting cooperation and integration in Southern Africa.
• Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)**: Participation in COMESA aims to foster regional trade and economic development.
• Indian Ocean Commission (IOC)**: As an island nation in the Indian Ocean, Mauritius is a key member of the IOC, which promotes regional cooperation among island states.
• Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)**: Mauritius is a member, fostering cooperation on maritime security, trade, and sustainable development in the Indian Ocean region.
• World Trade Organization (WTO)**: Mauritius is a member and participates in global trade negotiations.

Its engagement in these organizations allows Mauritius to advocate for the interests of small island developing states (SIDS), promote its economic agenda, and contribute to global and regional governance.

9.1. Economic development and structure

The economic history of Mauritius is a story of successful diversification. Initially dominated by sugar cane cultivation, which accounted for a large majority of export earnings, the government implemented policies to broaden the economic base. This included the establishment of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in the 1970s, which spurred the growth of the textile and manufacturing sectors.
In subsequent decades, Mauritius further diversified into tourism, financial services, and, more recently, information and communication technology (ICT), seafood processing, hospitality and property development, healthcare, renewable energy, and education and training. This strategy has been underpinned by political stability, a strong institutional framework, rule of law, and investment in human capital.
Aspects of social equity and sustainable growth have been important considerations in Mauritian economic policy. The country operates as a welfare state, with the government providing free universal health care, free education up to the tertiary level, and free public transportation for students, senior citizens, and the disabled. However, challenges remain, including reliance on a few industry sectors, brain drain, scarcity of skilled labor, an aging population, and inefficiencies in some public companies.

9.2. Main industries

The Mauritian economy is driven by several key sectors:

9.2.1. Tourism

Tourism is a significant pillar of the Mauritian economy, contributing substantially to GDP and employment. The island nation's attractions include its tropical climate, clear warm sea waters, sandy beaches, diverse flora and fauna, and its multicultural population. Tourist arrivals were around 1.4 million in 2018 and forecasted to be 1.45 million in 2019. The main source markets for tourists are Europe, particularly France.
The government promotes Mauritius as an upmarket tourist destination and emphasizes sustainable tourism development to mitigate negative social and environmental impacts. This includes efforts to protect natural resources, manage coastal development, and ensure that local communities benefit from tourism. However, the industry is vulnerable to external shocks, such as global economic downturns and environmental concerns like the MV Wakashio oil spill.

9.2.2. Financial services

Mauritius has established itself as an international offshore financial centre. The financial and insurance activities sector contributed 11.1% to the country's GDP in 2018. It serves as a hub for investment into Africa and Asia, benefiting from its strategic location, hybrid regulatory framework (combining elements of common and civil law), ease of doing business, investment protection treaties, and numerous double taxation avoidance agreements.
The sector offers a range of financial products and services, including private banking, global business (offshore company formation and administration), insurance and reinsurance, protected cell companies, trusts and foundations, investment banking, and global headquarter administration. It is home to numerous international banks, legal firms, corporate service providers, investment funds, and private equity funds.
The corporate tax rate ranges from 15% to 17%, and the individual tax rate from 10% to 25%. While Mauritius offers tax incentives in specific sectors, it has faced scrutiny and has been labeled a tax haven by some, due to concerns about abusive tax practices. In response, the country has worked to enhance transparency and comply with international standards, such as the OECD's Common Reporting Standard and the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). Mauritius is a founding member of the Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group.

9.3. Transport

Mauritius has a relatively well-developed transport infrastructure.

• Aviation**: The Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport is the main international gateway and the home base for the national airline, Air Mauritius. It handles flights to Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia. The Sir Gaëtan Duval Airport on Rodrigues Island provides air links with the main island and Réunion.
• Ports**: The harbour of Port Louis is the country's main port, handling international trade, container traffic, and cruise ships.
• Roads**: The road network is extensive, with 1.3 K mile ^{(2.07 K km)} of roads, of which a high percentage are paved. Traffic congestion can be an issue in urban areas.
• Public Transport**: Public buses are a common mode of transport. Since 2005, public transport (buses and, more recently, trains) has been free for students, people with disabilities, and senior citizens.
• Metro Express**: A light rail system, the Metro Express, was introduced to alleviate traffic congestion. The first phase opened in 2019, linking Port Louis to Rose Hill, with subsequent extensions to Curepipe and other areas, including the University of Mauritius at Réduit. Former privately owned industrial railways used primarily for sugar cane transport were abandoned in the 1960s.

10.1. Population statistics

Key demographic indicators from the 2022 Census include:

• Average age**: 38 years.
• Age structure**: The proportion of children aged below 15 years decreased from 20.7% in 2011 to 15.4% in 2022. The share of persons aged 60 years and over rose from 12.7% to 18.7% during the same period, indicating an aging population.
• Sex ratio**: 608,090 males and 627,170 females in total.

Birth rates and death rates have generally been moderate, contributing to slow population growth in recent years. Life expectancy has increased over time due to improvements in healthcare and living standards.

The largest cities and urban areas are:
1. Port Louis (Port Louis District, Pop: 155,226)
2. Vacoas-Phoenix (Plaines Wilhems District, Pop: 115,289)
3. Beau Bassin-Rose Hill (Plaines Wilhems District, Pop: 111,355)
4. Curepipe (Plaines Wilhems District, Pop: 78,618)
5. Quatre Bornes (Plaines Wilhems District, Pop: 77,308)
6. Triolet (Pamplemousses District, Pop: 23,269)
7. Goodlands (Rivière du Rempart District, Pop: 20,910)
8. Centre de Flacq (Flacq District, Pop: 17,710)
9. Bel Air Rivière Sèche (Flacq District, Pop: 17,671)
10. Mahébourg (Grand Port District, Pop: 17,042)

10.2. Ethnic groups and multiculturalism

Mauritius is a multi-ethnic society, a legacy of its colonial history and successive waves of migration. The island has no indigenous population. The main ethnic groups are:

• Indo-Mauritians**: Comprising approximately 68-70% of the population, they are descendants of indentured labourers brought from India in the 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily to work on sugar plantations. They are themselves diverse, with origins from various parts of India and include Hindus and Muslims. Genetic studies show ancestry links to the Chota Nagpur Plateau (Ranchi District, Jharkhand).
• Creoles**: Constituting about 27% of the population, Creoles are people of predominantly African or mixed African and European (Malagasy, French) descent. They are descendants of enslaved people brought to the island during the French colonial period or their intermixtures. Genetic studies indicate Bantu haplotypes and mitochondrial DNA links to East Africa and Madagascar.
• Sino-Mauritians**: Making up about 3% of the population, they are descendants of Chinese migrants who came mostly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as traders and laborers.
• Franco-Mauritians**: A small but influential group (about 2%), they are descendants of the original French colonists who settled on the island in the 18th century. They historically formed the landowning elite.

These groups coexist, contributing to a rich multicultural tapestry. The Mauritian constitution, for electoral purposes (the Best Loser System), recognizes four communities: Hindus, Muslims, Sino-Mauritians, and the General Population (which includes Creoles, Franco-Mauritians, and others not belonging to the first three). This classification, based on the 1972 census, has been a subject of debate regarding its relevance and impact on national identity versus communalism.
The government promotes national unity and social harmony. While inter-ethnic relations are generally peaceful, issues of minority rights, social integration, and equitable representation in various sectors remain part of the socio-political discourse.

10.3. Languages

Mauritius has a multilingual environment.

• English** is the official language of the National Assembly and the language of government administration, the courts, and business. However, less than 1% of the population speaks English as a mother tongue.
• French** is also widely used in education, media (newspapers, television), business, and formal settings. It is spoken by a larger segment of the population than English due to historical ties.
• Mauritian Creole** (Morisyen) is a French-based creole language with influences from African languages, Malagasy, English, Hindi, and Bhojpuri. It is the lingua franca of the country, spoken as a native language by the vast majority of the population (around 90%) and used in everyday communication across all ethnic groups. There are related creoles spoken on Rodrigues (Rodriguan creole), Agaléga (Agalega creole), and by the Chagossian diaspora (Chagossian creole).
• Ancestral Languages**: Several ancestral languages are also spoken, particularly within specific communities, and some have official recognition through acts of parliament for cultural promotion (e.g., via "Speaking Unions"). These include Bhojpuri (historically widely spoken by Indo-Mauritians, though its use as a mother tongue has declined from 12.1% in 2000 to 5.1% in 2022), Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Sanskrit, and Chinese (mainly Hakka). These languages are primarily used in religious and cultural activities, and sometimes in music and at home.

Most Mauritians are bilingual or trilingual, commonly switching between Mauritian Creole, French, and English depending on the context.

10.4. Religion

Mauritius is a secular state that guarantees freedom of religion. The country is characterized by religious diversity, with several faiths coexisting peacefully. According to the 2022 census:

• Hinduism** is the largest religion, followed by 47.87% of the population. This makes Mauritius the only country in Africa where Hinduism is the majority religion.
• Christianity** is followed by 32.29% of the population. The majority of Christians are Roman Catholic (24.94% of the total population), with smaller Protestant denominations (including Anglicans and Seventh-day Adventists) also present.
• Islam** is practiced by 18.24% of the population, primarily Sunni.
• Other Religions** (including Chinese ethnic religions and Buddhism) account for 0.86%.
• Non-religious** individuals constitute 0.63% of the population.

The constitution prohibits discrimination on religious grounds. The Roman Catholic Church, Church of England, Presbyterian Church of Mauritius, Seventh-day Adventists, Hindu Temples Associations, and Muslim Mosque Organisations receive tax exemptions and financial support based on their respective population shares. Other religious groups can register and be tax-exempt but do not receive direct financial support. Public holidays include festivals from Hindu, Christian, and Muslim traditions, reflecting the island's religious diversity. The state actively participates in the organization of major religious events like the Maha Shivaratri pilgrimage to Ganga Talao and the Catholic pilgrimage to the tomb of Blessed Jacques-Désiré Laval.

11.1. Education system

The structure of the Mauritian education system is as follows:

• Pre-primary Education**: For children typically aged 3 to 5 years, offered by public and private institutions.
• Primary Education**: A six-year cycle, typically for children aged 5 to 11. At the end of primary schooling, students used to sit for the Certificate of Primary Education (CPE). In January 2017, this was replaced by the Primary School Achievement Certificate (PSAC) as part of the Nine-Year Continuous Basic Education programme, which aims to provide continuous schooling for nine years.
• Secondary Education**: This stage is divided into two cycles.
  • Lower Secondary: Three years (Forms I-III) as part of the Nine-Year Continuous Basic Education.
  • Upper Secondary: Two years (Forms IV-V) leading to the School Certificate (SC), equivalent to the British O-Level (Ordinary Level). This is followed by another two years (Lower VI and Upper VI) leading to the Higher School Certificate (HSC), equivalent to the British A-Level (Advanced Level). Secondary schools are often referred to as "colleges."
  • The O-Level and A-Level examinations are conducted by the University of Cambridge International Examinations in collaboration with the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate (MES). Some private schools follow the French Baccalauréat system.
• Tertiary Education**: Includes universities, technical institutes, and other higher education colleges. The main public universities are the University of Mauritius (UoM) and the University of Technology, Mauritius (UTM). Other public institutions include the Université des Mascareignes (founded in 2012) and the Open University Mauritius. There are also several private tertiary institutions and branch campuses of foreign universities. As of 2019, tuition at public universities is free for Mauritian students.

The medium of instruction varies: English is generally the medium for public and government-subsidized private schools, while French is more common in fee-paying private schools. Students are required to learn both English and French, and they can also opt for an ancestral language or Mauritian Creole.

11.2. Literacy and educational attainment

Mauritius has a high adult literacy rate, estimated at 91.9% in 2022 according to the census (other sources quote around 92.7% for 2015). The overall educational standards are considered high for the African region. In 2022, 8.8% of the total population held a tertiary level qualification. Government expenditure on education was substantial, estimated at ₨ 13.584 billion in 2013, representing 13% of total government expenditure.
Mauritius was ranked 55th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024, and 1st in Africa.

12.1. Arts and architecture

Mauritian visual arts, including painting and crafts, often depict the island's natural beauty, cultural diversity, and historical narratives. Prominent painters include Henri Le Sidaner (though more associated with France, he had Mauritian connections), Malcolm de Chazal, Raouf Oderuth, and Vaco Baissac. Gabrielle Wiehe is noted as an illustrator and graphic designer. The Mauritius "Post Office" stamps, issued in 1847, are among the rarest and most famous postage stamps in the world, highly valued by philatelists.

The architecture of Mauritius is distinctive, reflecting its colonial history and multicultural influences. Styles introduced by Dutch, French, and British settlers from the 17th century onwards mixed with elements from India and East Africa. This has resulted in a unique hybrid architecture. Traditional structures, known as "creole houses," often feature wooden construction, verandas, and specific adaptations to the tropical climate. Colonial-era buildings, such as plantation houses ("campagnes"), government buildings, and religious edifices, showcase European architectural styles modified with local materials and craftsmanship. Port Louis, the capital, has a mix of historic colonial buildings and modern architecture.

However, much of the traditional architectural heritage has been threatened by development and modernization, with many historic homes and buildings demolished or renovated. Efforts are being_made by organizations like the World Monuments Fund to preserve what remains.

12.2. Literature

Mauritian literature is expressed in several languages, primarily French, English, and Mauritian Creole, reflecting the island's linguistic diversity. Themes often explore identity, history, colonialism, multiculturalism, and social issues.
Notable Mauritian writers include:

• Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre: His 18th-century novel Paul et Virginie, set in Mauritius (then Isle de France), is a classic of French literature that brought international fame to the island.
• Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio: A Nobel laureate (2008) of Mauritian heritage, who holds dual French-Mauritian citizenship. His works often draw on his Mauritian roots.
• Ananda Devi: A prominent contemporary writer, known for her powerful novels exploring social issues and the lives of women in Mauritius.
• Nathacha Appanah: Another acclaimed contemporary author whose works often deal with themes of migration, identity, and history.
• Malcolm de Chazal: A writer and painter known for his surrealist and aphoristic works.
• Other significant writers include Eugénie Poujade, Marie-Thérèse Humbert, Shenaz Patel, Khal Torabully (known for his concept of "coolitude"), Aqiil Gopee, South African-born Lindsey Collen (writing in English and French), Dev Virahsawmy (a key figure in promoting Mauritian Creole literature), and Abhimanyu Unnuth (writing in Hindi).

The island hosts the Le Prince Maurice Prize, an annual literary award that alternates between English-speaking and French-speaking writers.

12.3. Music and dance

The most iconic traditional music and dance of Mauritius is Sega. Originating from the African and Malagasy enslaved communities, Sega is characterized by its rhythmic drumming (using instruments like the ravanne, a large tambourine-like drum), sensual hip-swaying dance, and Creole lyrics often expressing the joys and sorrows of life. It is a vibrant and integral part of Mauritian cultural identity.
Other musical genres are also popular, reflecting the island's diverse heritage. These include:

• Seggae: A fusion genre blending Sega with reggae.
• Bhojpuri folk songs and Indian movie music (especially Bollywood soundtracks) are widely enjoyed, particularly within the Indo-Mauritian community.
• Western classical music and Indian classical music also have a following.

The performance culture is rich, with music and dance featuring prominently in festivals, social gatherings, and cultural events.

12.4. Cuisine

Mauritian cuisine is a unique fusion of Indian, French, Chinese, African, and Creole culinary traditions, resulting in a diverse and flavorful gastronomy. Representative dishes and elements include:

• Indian Influences**: Curries (both vegetarian and non-vegetarian), biryani (locally called briani), dal (lentil dishes), farata (a local version of paratha), dholl puri (a flatbread stuffed with ground split peas, often served with curries and pickles), and roti. Pickles known as achar (locally zassar) are common. Spices (masala) are central to many dishes.
• French Influences**: Dishes like daube (stew), coq au vin, and various pastries and breads. The concept of a structured meal with distinct courses also shows French influence. The sausage and tomato-based rougaille is a popular Creole dish with French roots.
• Chinese Influences**: Fried noodles (mines frires), fried rice (diriz frires), chop suey, and bol renversé (literally "upside-down bowl," a dish with rice, meat/chicken, and vegetables topped with an egg, assembled in a bowl and then inverted onto a plate).
• Creole Influences**: Dishes often feature seafood, local vegetables (brèdes - leafy greens), and a blend of spices.
• Snacks and Street Food**: Popular street foods include gâteau piment (chilli cakes, similar to Indian pakoras), samosas, and chana puris (similar to Indian chole bhature).
• Sweets and Desserts**: Locally made French pastries are common. Unique local sweets include napolitaine (a shortbread biscuit sandwich filled with jam and coated with pink icing), gâteau coco (coconut cakes), macacha coco, and alouda (a cold beverage similar to Indian falooda, made with milk, basil seeds, agar-agar, and syrup). Iced kulfi is also popular.

Rum production is also notable, with local rums gaining international recognition.

12.5. Media

The mass media landscape in Mauritius includes a variety of newspapers, radio stations, television channels, and online media outlets.

• Newspapers**: Several daily and weekly newspapers are published, predominantly in French, with some content in English and Creole.
• Broadcasting**: The Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) is the state-owned broadcaster, operating several television and radio channels in various languages. There are also private radio stations.
• Online Media**: Online news portals and social media play an increasingly important role in information dissemination and public discourse.

The press environment is generally considered free, though there have been occasional tensions between the media and the government.

12.6. Public holidays and festivals

Mauritius observes a number of public holidays that reflect its diverse ethnic and religious composition. Many festivals are celebrated with great enthusiasm by different communities and often shared across them.
National public holidays include:

• New Year's Day (1 and 2 January)
• Abolition of Slavery (1 February)
• Independence and Republic Day (12 March)
• Labour Day (1 May)
• Arrival of Indian Indentured Labourers (2 November)
• Christmas Day (25 December)

Religious public holidays (dates vary according to religious calendars):

• Hindu festivals: Thaipoosam Cavadee, Maha Shivaratri, Ougadi (Hindu New Year), Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali (Deepavali).
• Christian festival: All Saints' Day (1 November).
• Muslim festival: Eid al-Fitr (marking the end of Ramadan).

Other widely celebrated festivals that are not public holidays include Holi, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Makar Sankranti, and the Chinese Spring Festival (Chinese New Year), which is a public holiday. The annual pilgrimage to the shrine of Blessed Jacques-Désiré Laval at Sainte-Croix also draws large crowds of Catholics and people of other faiths. These festivals are characterized by religious observances, cultural performances, traditional foods, and family gatherings, contributing to the vibrant cultural life of the island.

12.7. Sports

Various sports are popular in Mauritius.

• Football (soccer)** is the most popular sport. The Mauritius national football team is known as "The Dodos" or "Club M." The top domestic league is the Mauritian Premier League.
• Horse racing** is a long-standing tradition and a highly popular spectator sport. The Champ de Mars Racecourse in Port Louis, inaugurated in 1812, is the oldest racecourse in the Southern Hemisphere and the second oldest in the world. The Maiden Cup is a prestigious annual racing event.
• Water Sports**: Given its island nature, water sports are widely practiced, including swimming, sailing, scuba diving, windsurfing, and kitesurfing.
• Athletics**: Track and field events are part of the sporting culture.
• Other Sports**: Cycling, table tennis, badminton, volleyball, basketball, handball, boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, weightlifting, and bodybuilding are also practiced.

Mauritius has participated in the Olympic Games since 1984. Boxer Bruno Julie won the country's first Olympic medal, a bronze, at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Mauritius has also hosted and participated in the Indian Ocean Island Games, winning its first edition in 1985, and hosting again in 2003 and 2019. In golf, the former Mauritius Open and the current AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open have been part of the European Tour.