Liechtenstein

2.1. Early History and Middle Ages

The oldest traces of human existence in the area of present-day Liechtenstein date back to the Middle Paleolithic era. Neolithic farming settlements appeared in the valleys around 5300 BCE.
The Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture flourished during the late Iron Age, from around 450 BCE, possibly under some influence of both the Greek and Etruscan civilizations. One of the most important tribal groups in the Alpine region were the Helvetii. In 58 BCE, at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar defeated the Alpine tribes, bringing the region under Roman subjugation. By 15 BCE, Tiberius-later the second Roman emperor-with his brother, Drusus, conquered the entire Alpine area.
Liechtenstein then became integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. The area was garrisoned by the Roman army, which maintained large legionary camps at Brigantium (Bregenz, Austria), near Lake Constance, and at Magia (Maienfeld, Switzerland). The Romans built and maintained a road which ran through the territory. Around 260 CE, Brigantium was destroyed by the Alemanni, a Germanic people who later settled in the area around 450.
In the Early Middle Ages, the Alemanni settled the eastern Swiss Plateau by the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps by the end of the 8th century, with Liechtenstein located at the eastern edge of Alemannia. In the 6th century, the entire region became part of the Frankish Empire following Clovis I's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504.
The area that later became Liechtenstein remained under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties) until the Treaty of Verdun divided the Carolingian empire in 843, following the death of Charlemagne in 814. The territory of present-day Liechtenstein formed part of East Francia. It would later be reunified with Middle Francia under the Holy Roman Empire, around 1000. Until about 1100, the predominant language of the area was Romansch, but thereafter German began to gain ground. In 1300, another Alemannic population-the Walsers, who originated in Valais-entered the region and settled; the mountain village of Triesenberg today preserves features of the Walser dialect.

2.2. Foundation of the Liechtenstein Dynasty and Territorial Acquisition

By 1200, dominions across the Alpine plateau were controlled by the Houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Other regions were accorded Imperial immediacy, granting the empire direct control over mountain passes. When the Kyburg dynasty fell in 1264, the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) extended their territory to the eastern Alpine plateau, which included the territory of Liechtenstein. This region was enfeoffed to the Counts of Hohenems until its sale to the Liechtenstein dynasty.
In 1396, Vaduz, the southern region of Liechtenstein, gained imperial immediacy, meaning it became subject to the Holy Roman Emperor alone.
The family from which the principality takes its name, the Liechtensteins, originally came from Liechtenstein Castle in Lower Austria, which they had possessed from at least 1140 until the 13th century, and again from 1807 onwards. The Liechtensteins acquired land, predominantly in Moravia, Lower Austria, Silesia, and the Duchy of Styria. As these territories were all held in feudal tenure from more senior feudal lords, particularly various branches of the House of Habsburg, the Liechtenstein dynasty was unable to meet a primary requirement to qualify for a seat in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag). Even though several Liechtenstein princes served various Habsburg rulers as close advisers, without any territory held directly from the Imperial throne, they held little power in the Holy Roman Empire.
For this reason, the family sought to acquire lands that would be classed as unmittelbar_{immediately subject (to the Emperor)}^German, or held without any intermediate feudal tenure, directly from the Holy Roman Emperor. During the early 17th century, Karl I of Liechtenstein was made a Fürst_Prince^German by the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias after siding with him in a political battle. His descendant, Hans-Adam I, was allowed to purchase the minuscule Herrschaft Schellenberg_{Lordship of Schellenberg}^German (in 1699) and the Grafschaft Vaduz_{County of Vaduz}^German (in 1712) from the Hohenems family. These tiny territories of Schellenberg and Vaduz had precisely the political status required: no feudal superior other than the emperor.

2.3. Establishment and Development of the Principality (1719 - 19th Century)

On 23 January 1719, after the lands had been purchased, Emperor Charles VI decreed that Vaduz and Schellenberg were united and elevated the newly formed territory to the dignity of Reichsfürstentum_{Imperial Principality}^German with the name "Liechtenstein" in honour of "[his] true servant, Anton Florian of Liechtenstein". On this date, Liechtenstein became a sovereign member state of the Holy Roman Empire. The Princes of Liechtenstein did not set foot in their new principality for several decades, highlighting the primarily political motivation behind the acquisition.
By the early 19th century, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire came under the effective control of France, following the crushing defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz by Napoleon in 1805. In 1806, Emperor Francis II abdicated and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, ending more than 960 years of feudal government. Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the Confederation of the Rhine. This political restructuring had broad consequences for Liechtenstein: the historical imperial, legal, and political institutions had been dissolved. The state ceased to owe an obligation to any feudal lord beyond its borders.
Modern publications generally attribute Liechtenstein's sovereignty to these events. Its prince ceased to owe an obligation to any suzerain. From 25 July 1806, when the Confederation of the Rhine was founded, the Prince of Liechtenstein was a member, in fact a vassal, of its hegemon, styled protector, the French Emperor Napoleon I, until the dissolution of the confederation on 19 October 1813.
Soon afterward, Liechtenstein joined the German Confederation (20 June 1815 - 23 August 1866), which was presided over by the Emperor of Austria.
In 1818, Prince Johann I Joseph granted the territory a limited constitution. In that same year, Prince Aloys II became the first member of the House of Liechtenstein to set foot in the principality that bore their name. The next visit would not occur until 1842.
Developments during the 19th century included:

• 1836: The first factory, for making ceramics, was opened.
• 1861: The Savings and Loans Bank was founded along with the first cotton-weaving mill.
• 1862: A new constitution was promulgated.
• 1866: The German Confederation was dissolved following the Austro-Prussian War.
• 1868: The Liechtenstein Army was disbanded for financial reasons, as parliament, overriding the Prince, refused funding. This marked the beginning of Liechtenstein's policy of neutrality.
• 1872: A railway line between Switzerland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was constructed through Liechtenstein.
• 1886: Two bridges over the Rhine to Switzerland were built.

In 1884, Prince Johann II appointed Carl von In der Maur, an Austrian aristocrat, to serve as the Governor of Liechtenstein (predecessor to the Prime Minister).

2.4. 20th Century

The 20th century was a period of profound transformation for Liechtenstein, marked by its navigation through two World Wars, a shift in its primary international partnership from Austria to Switzerland, and its development into a modern financial center. These changes had significant social and political impacts, including the adoption of a new constitution and gradual societal modernization.

Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein was closely tied first to the Austrian Empire and later to Austria-Hungary. The ruling princes continued to derive much of their wealth from estates in the Habsburg territories and spent much of their time at their two palaces in Vienna. The economic devastation caused by World War I forced the country to conclude a customs and monetary union with its other neighbor, Switzerland, in 1923, replacing its previous treaty with Austria. The currency was switched to the Swiss franc. Popular unrest, fueled by the economic hardships of the war, led to the November 1918 putsch, which contributed to the process of drafting a new constitution. The Constitution of Liechtenstein, adopted in 1921, established a constitutional monarchy on a parliamentary and democratic basis, although the Prince retained significant powers.
In 1929, 75-year-old Prince Franz I succeeded to the throne. He had married Elisabeth von Gutmann, a wealthy woman from Vienna whose father was a Jewish businessman from Moravia. Although Liechtenstein had no official Nazi party, a Nazi sympathy movement arose within its National Union party. Local Liechtenstein Nazis identified Elisabeth as their Jewish "problem." Pro-Nazi agitation continued in Liechtenstein throughout the 1930s.
In March 1938, just after the Anschluss (annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany), the aging Prince Franz I named as regent his 31-year-old grandnephew and heir-presumptive, Prince Franz Joseph II. Franz I subsequently moved to Feldberg, Czechoslovakia, and died on July 25, 1938, at one of his family's castles. Franz Joseph II formally succeeded him as Prince and, significantly, became the first Prince of Liechtenstein to take up permanent residence in Vaduz. An attempted coup by local Nazis occurred in March 1939 while Franz Joseph II was on a state visit to Berlin, but it failed.
During World War II, Liechtenstein remained officially neutral, looking to neighboring Switzerland for assistance and guidance. Family treasures from dynastic lands and possessions in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia were taken to Liechtenstein for safekeeping. Operation Tannenbaum, the Nazi plan for the conquest of Switzerland, also reportedly included Liechtenstein. The Nazi "Pan-German" ideology, aiming to unite all German-speakers, would have encompassed the population of Liechtenstein. However, the plan was never implemented, and Liechtenstein was spared a Nazi occupation.
At the close of the conflict, Czechoslovakia and Poland, acting to seize what they considered German possessions, expropriated all of the Liechtenstein dynasty's properties in those three regions under the Beneš decrees. These expropriations, which became subject to a modern legal dispute at the International Court of Justice, included over 0.6 K mile^{2 (1.60 K km2)} of agricultural and forest land (most notably the UNESCO-listed Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape), and several family castles and palaces. This loss of territory and wealth was a significant blow to the princely family. Citizens of Liechtenstein were forbidden to enter Czechoslovakia during the Cold War.
In 2005, a government-commissioned investigation, the "Independent Commission of Historians Liechtenstein - Second World War," revealed that Jewish slave laborers from the Strasshof concentration camp, provided by the SS, had worked on estates in Austria owned by Liechtenstein's Princely House. The report indicated that while no evidence was found of the House's direct knowledge of the slave labor at the time, the House bore responsibility for not inquiring further into the origins of these laborers. This acknowledgment highlighted the complexities of historical accountability even for neutral nations.
Liechtenstein faced dire financial straits following World War II. The Liechtenstein dynasty often resorted to selling family artistic treasures, including the portrait Ginevra de' Benci by Leonardo da Vinci, which was purchased by the National Gallery of Art of the United States in 1967 for 5.00 M USD (a record price at the time). However, by the late 1970s, Liechtenstein leveraged its low corporate tax rates to attract foreign companies and capital, transforming itself into a prosperous financial center and one of the wealthiest countries in the world per capita. This economic shift had a profound social impact, bringing new wealth and international attention to the small nation.
On September 18, 1990, Liechtenstein was admitted into the United Nations as its 160th member state, marking a significant step in its international integration. It later joined the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991 and the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1995.

2.5. 21st Century

The 21st century in Liechtenstein has been marked by significant constitutional changes, challenges to its financial sector, and continued engagement in international affairs.
A major event was the 2003 constitutional referendum, which resulted in substantial amendments to the 1921 constitution. These changes significantly expanded the powers of the reigning Prince, including the ability to dismiss the government, nominate judges, and veto legislation. Prince Hans-Adam II had threatened to leave the country if the referendum failed. The Venice Commission of the Council of Europe criticized these amendments, opining that they were not compatible with European standards of democracy as they concentrated too much power in the hands of the monarch, potentially undermining the balance of power. Despite these concerns, the referendum passed. In 2004, Hans-Adam II handed over the day-to-day governmental decisions to his son, Hereditary Prince Alois, as regent, while remaining head of state.
In 2008, Liechtenstein faced a major international challenge with the tax affair. This scandal erupted when German authorities obtained confidential banking data from LGT Group, a bank owned by the princely family, revealing that numerous foreign citizens were using Liechtenstein accounts to evade taxes. The affair strained relations with Germany and other countries and put significant pressure on Liechtenstein to reform its banking secrecy laws and increase tax transparency. Consequently, Liechtenstein made significant efforts to shed its reputation as an uncooperative tax haven. It signed numerous tax information exchange agreements and committed to OECD standards on tax transparency. In 2009, the OECD removed Liechtenstein from its "blacklist" of uncooperative tax havens.
Liechtenstein established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on July 13, 2009, and with Slovakia on December 9, 2009, resolving long-standing issues stemming from the post-World War II expropriation of Liechtenstein family properties under the Beneš decrees.
The country continues to be an active member of international organizations. In 2011, Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area, further integrating with Europe. Liechtenstein became a member of the International Monetary Fund on October 21, 2024. Domestically, social issues such as LGBT rights have seen progress, with same-sex marriage being legalized by parliament in 2024, to enter into force in 2025. However, abortion remains largely criminalized, reflecting ongoing conservative social values.

3.1. Topography and Borders

Liechtenstein is situated in the Upper Rhine valley of the European Alps. It is bordered to the east by the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, to the south by the canton of Grisons (Switzerland), and to the west by the canton of St. Gallen (Switzerland). The Rhine forms the entire western border of Liechtenstein. Measured from south to north, the country is about 15 mile ^{(24 km)} long.
In 1943, an inland canal was built, connecting to the Rhine, playing a role in water management and land reclamation.
New surveys using more accurate measurements of the country's borders in 2006 set its area at 62 mile^{2 (160 km2)}, with borders of 48 mile ^{(77.9 km)}. This survey indicated that Liechtenstein's borders are 1.2 mile ^{(1.9 km)} longer than previously thought.
Liechtenstein is one of the world's two doubly landlocked countries - countries wholly surrounded by other landlocked countries (the other is Uzbekistan). It is the sixth-smallest independent state in the world by area.

3.2. Climate

Despite its alpine location, the prevailing southerly winds temper Liechtenstein's climate, making it relatively mild. It has a temperate continental climate, with cloudy and cold winters featuring frequent rain and snowfall. Summers are cool to slightly warm, cloudy, and humid.
The climate is strongly influenced by the Föhn (a warm and dry southerly wind), especially in autumn, which prolongs the vegetation period in spring and autumn. Temperatures around 59 °F ^{(15 °C)} due to the strong Föhn are not uncommon even in winter. The mountain ranges of Switzerland and Vorarlberg protect Liechtenstein from cold polar and Atlantic air, creating a typical alpine inland protective layer. This climate allows for orchards with leafy meadows and supports a long tradition of viticulture.
While Liechtenstein's small land area limits broad climatic differences, the vertical division into different altitudes is significant, leading to noticeable climatic variations. In winter, the temperature rarely drops below 5 °F ^{(-15 °C)}. In summer, average temperatures range between 68 °F ^{(20 °C)} and 82.4 °F ^{(28 °C)}.
Annual precipitation averages about 35 in ^{(900 mm)} to 0.0 K in ^{(1.20 K mm)} in the lower regions. In the direct alpine region, however, precipitation can often reach up to 0.1 K in ^{(1.90 K mm)}. The average duration of sunshine is about 1,600 hours per year.

3.3. Rivers and Lakes

The Rhine is the longest and largest body of water in Liechtenstein. With a length of approximately 17 mile ^{(27 km)} within or along its border, it represents the natural border with Switzerland and is of great importance for Liechtenstein's water supply. Furthermore, the Rhine is an important recreational area.
At 6.2 mile ^{(10 km)}, the Samina River is the second-longest river in the Principality. This whitewater river begins in Triesenberg and flows into the Ill River in Austria (near Feldkirch).
The only naturally formed lake in Liechtenstein is the Gampriner Seele, which was formed in 1927 by a flood of the Rhine that caused significant erosion. In addition, there are other artificially created lakes, mainly used to generate electricity. One of these is the Steg Reservoir, the largest lake in Liechtenstein.

3.4. Mountains

About half of Liechtenstein's territory is mountainous. Liechtenstein lies entirely in the Rätikon range of the Alps and is thus - depending on the classification of the Alps - assigned either to the Eastern Alps (if using a two-part division of the Alps) or to the Central Alps (if using a three-part division).
The highest point of Liechtenstein is the Grauspitz (Vordere Grauspitz) with an altitude of 8.5 K ft ^{(2.60 K m)} above sea level, while the lowest point is Ruggeller Riet with an altitude of 1411 ft ^{(430 m)} above sea level.
In total, there are 32 mountains in Liechtenstein with an altitude of at least 6.6 K ft ^{(2.00 K m)}. The Falknishorn, at 8.0 K ft ^{(2.45 K m)} above sea level, is the fifth highest mountain in Liechtenstein and marks the country's southernmost point. The Naafkopf (8.4 K ft ^{(2.57 K m)} above sea level) forms the tripoint border of Liechtenstein, the Swiss canton of Grisons, and the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.
In addition to the peaks of the Alpine chain, which belong to the Limestone Alps, two inselbergs rise from the Rhine Valley: Fläscherberg (3.7 K ft ^{(1.14 K m)} above sea level) in the south and Eschnerberg (2290 ft ^{(698 m)} above sea level) in the north. These belong to the Helvetic nappe or flysch zone of the Alps. Eschnerberg is an important settlement area in the Liechtenstein Unterland.

4.1. Political System

Liechtenstein operates as a semi-constitutional monarchy with strong elements of direct democracy. The monarch (Prince) is the head of state and retains extensive executive and legislative powers, playing an active role in the day-to-day politics of the country and over all three branches of government. This level of monarchical involvement is unique among European monarchies.
Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral Landtag (Parliament), composed of 25 members elected for a maximum four-year term using a proportional representation system. Fifteen members are elected from the Oberland (Upper Country) and ten from the Unterland (Lower Country). Parties must receive at least 8% of the national vote (the electoral threshold) to win seats in parliament.
The government (executive branch) comprises the head of government (Prime Minister) and four government councillors (ministers). They are appointed by the Prince upon the proposal and with the concurrence of parliament and reflect the balance of parties in parliament. The constitution stipulates that at least two government members be chosen from each of the two regions. The members of the government are collectively and individually responsible to parliament.
Parliament proposes and approves the government, which the Prince formally appoints. Parliament may also pass votes of no confidence in the entire government or individual members. The Prince can dismiss the government, nominate judges, and veto legislation passed by parliament. Voters can also propose and enact laws and constitutional amendments independently of the legislature through referendums. However, laws passed by referendums can also be vetoed by the Prince.
Judicial authority is vested in the Regional Court at Vaduz, the Princely High Court of Appeal at Vaduz, the Princely Supreme Court, the Administrative Court, and the State Court (Constitutional Court). The State Court rules on the conformity of laws with the constitution and has five members elected by parliament.

4.2. Constitution

The current Constitution of Liechtenstein was adopted in March 2003, following a referendum, significantly amending the 1921 constitution. The 1921 constitution had established Liechtenstein as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system, but the Prince retained substantial political authority.
The 2003 amendments further strengthened the powers of the monarch. Key changes included granting the Prince the power to veto any law (without parliamentary override), to dismiss the government or individual ministers, to appoint judges (though typically based on parliamentary recommendation), and to rule by emergency decree if deemed necessary. Prince Hans-Adam II had advocated for these changes, stating he would consider leaving the country if they were not approved.
The Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, in an opinion issued before the referendum, expressed concerns that the amendments would shift the balance of power too heavily towards the monarch, potentially undermining democratic standards by reducing the legislature's role. Critics argued that the expanded powers, particularly the absolute veto and the power to dismiss the government, moved the system closer to an absolute monarchy in practice, despite the retention of democratic structures. Proponents, however, argued that the changes were necessary for effective governance and that the Prince's powers would be exercised responsibly, with the ultimate check being the people's ability to abolish the monarchy through a referendum (a right also enshrined in the constitution). The referendum passed with approximately 64% of voters in favor, indicating significant public support for the Prince's vision of the constitutional framework.

4.3. Political Parties

Liechtenstein's political landscape has historically been dominated by two main parties:

• The Progressive Citizens' Party (Fortschrittliche Bürgerpartei_{Progressive Citizens' Party}^German, FBP) is a conservative, Christian-democratic party. It is generally considered more monarchist and business-oriented.
• The Patriotic Union (Vaterländische Union_{Patriotic Union}^German, VU) is also a Christian-democratic party but is often positioned as slightly more liberal or centrist compared to the FBP, with a greater emphasis on social issues.

For much of Liechtenstein's recent history, these two parties have governed in coalition, reflecting a political culture that values consensus and stability.
Other smaller parties have emerged, sometimes gaining representation in the Landtag:

• The Free List (Freie Liste_{Free List}^German, FL) is a green, social-liberal party, often focusing on environmental issues and social justice. It typically forms the main opposition.
• The Independents (die Unabhängigen_{The Independents}^German, DU) was a right-wing populist party that gained representation in the 2010s but later dissolved.
• Democrats for Liechtenstein (Demokraten pro Liechtenstein_{Democrats for Liechtenstein}^German, DpL) is a newer party, formed from a split within The Independents, positioning itself as economically liberal and Eurosceptic.

The 8% electoral threshold for parliamentary representation makes it challenging for very small parties to gain seats.

4.4. Human Rights

The human rights situation in Liechtenstein is generally considered good, but certain areas have attracted domestic and international attention, reflecting a society that is largely conservative yet undergoing gradual social change.
One of the most significant historical issues was women's suffrage. Liechtenstein was the last country in Europe to grant women the right to vote in national elections, which occurred on July 1, 1984. This followed three previous referendums in 1968, 1971, and 1973 where the proposal was rejected by the all-male electorate. The 1984 referendum passed narrowly, with 51.3% in favor. The late adoption of women's suffrage highlighted the conservative nature of the society and was a point of concern for human rights advocates.
LGBT rights have seen gradual progress. Registered partnerships for same-sex couples were introduced in 2011. In 2024, the Landtag passed legislation to legalize same-sex marriage, which is set to enter into force on January 1, 2025. This marks a significant step towards equality for LGBT individuals.
Abortion remains largely criminalized and is a contentious issue. Access to abortion within the country is highly restricted, and attempts to liberalize the law via referendum have failed, reflecting strong conservative and religious influences on this matter. This situation often forces women seeking abortions to travel abroad, raising concerns about access to healthcare and reproductive rights.
The power of the Prince, as enhanced by the 2003 constitutional amendments, has also been a subject of discussion in the context of democratic rights and the balance of power. While the system includes direct democratic elements like referendums (including one to abolish the monarchy), critics argue that the Prince's extensive veto powers could potentially impinge on the will of the elected legislature or the populace.
Freedom of speech and assembly are generally respected. The country has a high standard of living and robust social welfare systems, which contribute positively to overall human well-being.

6.1. Overview of Foreign Policy

In the absence of significant political or military power, Liechtenstein has sought to preserve its sovereignty over the past 300 years through membership in legal communities and adherence to international law. Multilateralism and European integration are therefore constants of Liechtenstein's foreign policy, aimed at safeguarding the country's sovereignty. Strong direct-democratic and citizen-oriented decision-making mechanisms, anchored in the Constitution of 1921, are decisive for the domestic legitimacy and sustainability of this foreign policy.
Key historical milestones in Liechtenstein's integration and cooperation policy include its accession to the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, the German Confederation in 1815, the conclusion of bilateral customs and currency agreements with the Habsburg monarchy in 1852, and crucially, the Customs Treaty with Switzerland in 1923. This treaty was followed by a range of other important bilateral agreements that cemented a very close relationship with Switzerland.
Post-World War II, economic reconstruction was followed by accession to the Statute of the International Court of Justice in 1950. Liechtenstein signed the CSCE Helsinki Final Act (today's OSCE) in 1975. It joined the Council of Europe in 1978 and was admitted to the United Nations (UN) on September 18, 1990. In 1991, Liechtenstein joined the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) as a full member, and since 1995, it has been a member of the European Economic Area (EEA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). In 2008, Liechtenstein joined the Schengen/Dublin Agreement along with Switzerland.
From an economic and integration policy perspective, relations within the framework of the EEA and the EU are central to Liechtenstein's foreign policy. The Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein also participates in the annual meetings of the heads of state of German-speaking countries, which includes both EU and non-EU members. Liechtenstein's foreign policy also emphasizes contributions to international law, human rights, and sustainable development.

6.2. Relations with Switzerland

Liechtenstein and Switzerland share an exceptionally close and multifaceted relationship. This partnership is fundamental to Liechtenstein's economy, foreign policy, and daily life.
The cornerstone of this relationship is the Customs Union Treaty of 1923, which established a common customs territory and effectively abolished border controls for goods between the two countries. This was followed by the adoption of the Swiss franc as Liechtenstein's official currency.
Switzerland represents Liechtenstein's diplomatic and consular interests in many countries where Liechtenstein does not have its own representation. This arrangement allows Liechtenstein to maintain a global diplomatic presence cost-effectively. While Switzerland has appointed an ambassador to Liechtenstein since 2000 (resident in Bern), Liechtenstein maintains its own embassy in Bern.
The two countries cooperate closely in numerous areas, including security, justice, and various administrative matters. Citizens of both countries enjoy largely free movement and the right to reside and work in the other's territory, facilitated by agreements such as their joint participation in the EEA (for Liechtenstein) and bilateral accords (for Switzerland with the EU, which indirectly benefit Liechtenstein). The shared German language (though with distinct Alemannic dialects) and cultural similarities further strengthen these ties. Despite this closeness, Liechtenstein remains a sovereign state with its own distinct legal and political system.

6.3. Relations with the European Union and European Organizations

Liechtenstein maintains a close relationship with the European Union (EU) and various European organizations, primarily through its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA).
Liechtenstein joined the EEA in 1995, which grants it access to the EU's Internal Market. This means Liechtenstein applies EU law related to the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people, without being a full EU member. This arrangement is vital for Liechtenstein's export-oriented economy.
Liechtenstein is also a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which serves as a platform for free trade among its members (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland) and with numerous third countries through EFTA free trade agreements. Within the EEA framework, the EFTA states (excluding Switzerland, which has a separate bilateral relationship with the EU) form a pillar that interacts with the EU.
Since 2011, Liechtenstein has been part of the Schengen Area, abolishing systematic border controls with other Schengen member states, further facilitating travel and economic exchange. It also participates in the Dublin system for asylum applications.
Liechtenstein has been a member of the Council of Europe (CoE) since 1978. This membership underscores its commitment to human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. It is subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights.
While Liechtenstein benefits significantly from its EEA membership, full EU membership is not currently on its political agenda, partly due to concerns about sovereignty and the potential impact on its direct democracy mechanisms and specific economic model. It maintains a diplomatic mission in Brussels to coordinate contacts with the EU, Belgium, and the Holy See.

6.4. United Nations

Liechtenstein became a member of the United Nations (UN) on September 18, 1990. Its admission as the 160th member state marked a significant step in its integration into the global community and its commitment to multilateralism.
Within the UN system, Liechtenstein has been an active participant, particularly in areas concerning international law, human rights, self-determination, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. Despite its small size, it has often taken principled stances and contributed to discussions on global governance and the rule of law.
Liechtenstein has been a vocal advocate for the International Criminal Court (ICC) and has played a role in efforts to strengthen international criminal justice. It has also been active in discussions on UN reform, including the reform of the Security Council.
The country maintains Permanent Missions in New York and Geneva to engage with the UN headquarters and its various specialized agencies, funds, and programs. While it may not play a prominent role in all UN specialized agencies due to resource constraints, its focus has often been on areas where it can make a targeted impact, such as promoting the effectiveness of international legal frameworks and supporting initiatives related to justice and human rights.

6.5. Relations with Neighboring and Major Countries

Liechtenstein maintains distinct bilateral relationships with its neighbors and other major countries, balancing its close ties with Switzerland with independent foreign policy engagements.

• Austria: As Liechtenstein's other bordering nation, relations with Austria are historically deep and culturally close. They share a common history within the Holy Roman Empire and later the German Confederation. Cooperation exists in various fields, including cross-border economic activities, culture, and security. Liechtenstein maintains an embassy in Vienna.
• Germany: Relations with Germany are economically significant. Germany is a major trading partner and a source of investment. However, relations were strained by the 2008 tax affair, when German authorities investigated German citizens using Liechtenstein banks for tax evasion. This led to Liechtenstein increasing tax transparency and cooperation. An agreement on the exchange of tax information was signed in 2009. Liechtenstein has a permanent embassy in Berlin and views Germany as an important partner in European integration. Cultural exchange, such as project sponsorships like the Hilti Foundation financing the "Egypt's Sunken Treasures" exhibition in Berlin, also plays a role.
• Czech Republic and Slovakia: Relations were historically complicated by the post-World War II expropriation of Liechtenstein princely family estates in Czechoslovakia under the Beneš decrees. Liechtenstein did not recognize the Czech Republic or Slovakia for many years due to this dispute. Diplomatic relations were finally established with the Czech Republic in July 2009 and with Slovakia in December 2009, opening the way for normalized ties. The property dispute itself, however, remains a complex historical issue, with Liechtenstein entities pursuing legal claims.
• United States: Liechtenstein maintains an embassy in Washington, D.C. Relations focus on economic ties, cooperation on financial matters (especially regarding tax transparency and combating financial crime), and shared values. Liechtenstein and the U.S. do not have a comprehensive double taxation treaty, though discussions have occurred. In March 2024, representatives of Liechtenstein and the U.S. signed an agreement to share knowledge in the field of apprenticeship training.

Liechtenstein is also a member of the Forum of Small States (FOSS), a group of 108 nations with populations under ten million, facilitating dialogue on issues relevant to small countries. It became a member of the International Monetary Fund in October 2024.

6.6. Relations with South Korea

Liechtenstein and South Korea (Republic of Korea) established formal diplomatic relations in 1993. As Liechtenstein's diplomatic representation is often handled by Switzerland, the Swiss Embassy in Seoul is typically the point of contact for consular matters, though ambassadorial accreditation may be handled from elsewhere (e.g., a non-resident ambassador or through Liechtenstein's mission in another major Asian capital if one exists).
Economic exchange between Liechtenstein and South Korea is modest but present, often involving Liechtenstein's specialized high-tech industries (e.g., precision instruments, dental products) and financial services. South Korea, as a major global economy, represents a potential market for Liechtenstein's niche exports.
Cultural and political exchanges are limited due to the geographical distance and differing scales of the two nations. However, both countries are members of the United Nations and other international organizations, providing platforms for interaction on global issues. When Liechtenstein participated in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, it did so as an IOC member even before formal diplomatic ties were established. In international forums, Liechtenstein generally supports South Korea's positions concerning peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula.

7.1. Abolition of the Military and Neutrality

Liechtenstein abolished its army in 1868 for financial reasons. This decision was made shortly after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, in which Liechtenstein had fielded an army of 80 men. Although these troops were not involved in any fighting, the experience and the subsequent dissolution of the German Confederation (which had imposed military obligations) provided an opportunity for parliament to refuse further funding for a military. Despite initial objections from the Prince, who was concerned about leaving the country defenseless, the force was disbanded on February 12, 1868. The last soldier to have served under the colors of Liechtenstein, Andreas Kieber, died in 1939 at the age of 95.
Since then, Liechtenstein has maintained a policy of neutrality. It did not participate in either World War I or World War II. While there is a popular belief that Switzerland is responsible for Liechtenstein's defense, no formal treaty exists to this effect. During World War II, Switzerland made it clear that while it would protect Liechtenstein if both were attacked as part of a common economic area, it would not defend Liechtenstein if it were attacked selectively. However, cooperation on security matters, particularly internal security and disaster relief, is close with both Switzerland and Austria.
On September 20, 2017, Liechtenstein signed the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, reflecting its commitment to disarmament.

7.2. Police and Internal Security

Internal security and law enforcement in Liechtenstein are the responsibility of the Liechtenstein National Police (Landespolizei_{National Police}^German). As of recent figures, the force consists of approximately 87 field officers and 38 civilian staff, totaling around 125 employees. All officers are equipped with small arms.
The National Police are responsible for maintaining public order, crime prevention and investigation, traffic control, and border security tasks (though systematic border controls with Switzerland and Austria are minimal due to Schengen participation). Liechtenstein has one of the world's lowest crime rates. The country's prison holds very few inmates; individuals with sentences over two years are typically transferred to Austrian jurisdiction under a bilateral agreement.
The National Police maintain a trilateral treaty with Austria and Switzerland that enables close cross-border cooperation among the police forces of the three countries. This cooperation is crucial for addressing transnational crime and ensuring regional security.
A paramilitary unit within the National Police, sometimes referred to as the Princely Liechtenstein Security Corps, provides tactical support for the National Police, as well as performing honor guard duties at the Royal Palace and official functions. While not a military, this unit has enhanced training and equipment for special situations. The constitution does allow for the reinstatement of a military if deemed necessary, but this is a remote possibility.
Accidental incursions by the Swiss military have occurred, such as in 1985 when artillery shells landed in a forest, and in 2007 when an infantry unit inadvertently crossed the border. These incidents were resolved amicably, often with apologies and lighthearted exchanges.

8.1. Economic Overview

Liechtenstein's economy is characterized by a very high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita when adjusted for purchasing power parity, making it one of the wealthiest countries globally. In 2021, the estimated GDP per capita (PPP) was approximately $184,083. The country maintains a strong industrial base alongside a significant financial services sector.
Key features of its economy include:

• Low Unemployment:** The unemployment rate is consistently low, recorded at 1.5% in 2008 and remaining among the lowest in Europe.
• More Registered Companies than Citizens:** This reflects its attractiveness as a business location, partly due to its taxation system and stable environment.
• Customs Union with Switzerland:** Liechtenstein has been in a customs union with Switzerland since 1923 and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. This provides access to the Swiss market and simplifies trade.
• EEA Membership:** Since 1995, membership in the European Economic Area (EEA) has granted Liechtenstein access to the EU's single market, which is crucial for its export-oriented industries.
• Energy Imports:** The country imports about 85% of its energy needs.
• No National Debt:** Liechtenstein is one of the few countries with no public debt.

The government actively works to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe. The social impact of its economic model, particularly concerning wealth distribution and the historical role of its financial sector, is an ongoing consideration.

8.2. Major Industries

Liechtenstein's economy is diversified, with strong industrial and financial sectors.
Manufacturing: Despite its small size, Liechtenstein has a highly industrialized economy, focusing on high-value, specialized products. Key manufacturing sectors include:

• Electronics and Precision Instruments:** Producing sophisticated components and devices.
• Dental Products:** Companies like Ivoclar Vivadent are global leaders in dental materials and technology.
• Metal Manufacturing and Power Tools:** Hilti, headquartered in Schaan, is a world-renowned manufacturer of construction tools, fastening systems, and related high-end equipment. Hilti is the country's largest employer and a significant contributor to its export economy.
• Textiles, Ceramics, and Pharmaceuticals:** These sectors also contribute to the industrial output.

The strong industrial base is characterized by a high degree of specialization and export orientation. From a social perspective, these industries provide high-quality employment, but continuous attention is needed regarding labor rights, particularly for the large number_of cross-border commuters (foreign-born people make up two-thirds of the country's workforce), and environmental sustainability in manufacturing processes.
Financial Services: The financial sector, centered in Vaduz, is another pillar of the economy. It includes banking, asset management, insurance, and trust services. Historically, strict banking secrecy and low tax rates attracted significant foreign capital, contributing to the country's wealth but also leading to its reputation as a tax haven. Following international pressure, particularly the 2008 tax affair, Liechtenstein has made substantial reforms to enhance transparency and cooperate internationally on tax matters. The social impact of this sector includes its contribution to national income and employment, but also raises ethical questions about wealth inequality and financial regulation.
Agriculture and Viticulture: Agriculture plays a small role in the economy. Cultivated fields and small farms are found in both the Oberland and Unterland regions. Main products include wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, dairy products, and livestock. Liechtenstein also produces wine, with vineyards primarily in the Rhine valley. This sector is important for maintaining the rural landscape and cultural heritage.

8.3. Taxation System

Liechtenstein's taxation system has been a defining feature of its economy, characterized by low rates for both personal and corporate income, which historically contributed to its status as a tax haven.
The government of Liechtenstein taxes personal income, business income, and principal (wealth).

• Personal Income Tax:** The basic rate of personal income tax is 1.2%. When combined with additional income tax imposed by the municipalities, the combined income tax rate can reach around 17.82%. An additional income tax of 4.3% is levied on all employees under the country's social security program. This rate is higher for the self-employed, up to a maximum of 11%, making the maximum income tax rate about 29% in total.
• Wealth Tax:** The basic tax rate on wealth is 0.06% per annum, and the combined total rate (including municipal surcharges) is around 0.89%.
• Corporate Income Tax:** The corporate profit tax rate is a flat 12.5%.
• Gift and Estate Taxes:** These vary depending on the relationship between the recipient and the giver and the amount of the inheritance, ranging from 0.5%-0.75% for spouses and children to 18%-27% for non-related recipients. The estate tax is progressive.

Historically, Liechtenstein received significant revenues from Stiftungen (foundations), financial entities often created to hide the true ownership of non-resident foreigners' financial holdings. These laws made Liechtenstein a popular destination for wealthy individuals and businesses seeking to avoid or evade taxes in their home countries.
The 2008 Liechtenstein tax affair, involving German tax authorities and data from LGT Bank (owned by the princely family), brought intense international scrutiny. Crown Prince Alois accused the German government of trafficking in stolen goods, referring to its purchase of private banking information. This event, along with pressure from the OECD and other bodies, pushed Liechtenstein towards greater tax transparency and international cooperation.
Since then, Liechtenstein has signed numerous Tax Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs) and adopted OECD standards. In 2009, the OECD removed Liechtenstein from its "blacklist" of uncooperative tax havens. In October 2015, the EU and Liechtenstein signed an agreement for the automatic exchange of financial information in tax matters, which began in 2016.
From a social and ethical perspective, the shift away from being a tax haven represents a move towards greater international responsibility. However, the legacy of this period and the ongoing debate about fair taxation and wealth distribution remain relevant. The low-tax environment continues to attract businesses, contributing to the country's prosperity, but requires careful balancing with international norms and social equity concerns.

8.4. Tourism

Tourism is a significant contributor to Liechtenstein's economy, leveraging its Alpine scenery, cultural landmarks, and status as a unique microstate.
The country's primary attractions include:

• Alpine Scenery and Winter Sports:** Being an Alpine country, Liechtenstein offers opportunities for skiing, snowboarding, hiking, and mountaineering. The ski resort of Malbun is particularly popular for winter sports enthusiasts.
• Cultural Landmarks:**
  • Vaduz Castle, the official residence of the Prince, though not open to the public, is a prominent landmark overlooking the capital.
  • Gutenberg Castle in Balzers is another historic castle accessible to visitors.
  • Museums such as the Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein (Art Museum), the Liechtenstein National Museum (Liechtensteinisches Landesmuseum), and the Stamp Museum in Vaduz attract many visitors.
• Unique Appeal:** The novelty of visiting one of the world's smallest countries, collecting its distinctive postage stamps, and experiencing its unique blend of tradition and modernity also draws tourists.

In 2021, there were nearly 80,000 tourist arrivals. Over the preceding twelve years, the number of tourists ranged between approximately 60,000 to 100,000 people per year. While tourism provides economic benefits, considerations for sustainable tourism practices are important to protect the natural environment and cultural heritage of the small nation. The focus is often on quality tourism rather than mass tourism.

9.1. Population

As of December 31, 2021, Liechtenstein had a population of 39,315. This makes it Europe's fourth-smallest country by population, after Vatican City, San Marino, and Monaco.
Key demographic indicators include:

• Population Density:** Given its small area of 62 mile^{2 (160 km2)}, the population density is relatively high for an Alpine country, at around 245 people per square kilometer.
• Foreign-Born Residents:** A significant characteristic of Liechtenstein's population is its high proportion of foreign-born residents. Approximately one-third of the population is foreign-born. These residents are primarily German speakers from neighboring countries like Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, along with other Swiss nationals, Italians, and Turks. Foreign-born individuals constitute about two-thirds of the country's workforce, highlighting the economy's reliance on external labor.
• Life Expectancy:** Liechtensteiners enjoy a high average life expectancy at birth. As of 2018 estimates, it was 82.0 years (79.8 years for males, 84.8 years for females).
• Infant Mortality Rate:** The infant mortality rate is low, at 4.2 deaths per 1,000 live births (2018 estimates).
• Birth and Death Rates:** These rates contribute to a modest natural population increase, supplemented by net migration.

9.2. Languages

The official language of Liechtenstein is German. As of 2020, 92% of the population spoke German as their main language.
However, the commonly spoken vernacular among the native population is an Alemannic dialect of German. These dialects are highly divergent from Standard German but are closely related to dialects spoken in neighboring regions such as Switzerland (particularly Eastern Switzerland) and Vorarlberg, Austria. About 73% of Liechtenstein's population speak an Alemannic dialect at home.
A distinct Walser dialect is spoken in the municipality of Triesenberg, a legacy of the Walser migration in the 13th century. The municipality actively promotes the preservation of this dialect.
Swiss Standard German is also widely understood and spoken by most Liechtensteiners, especially in formal contexts and media. The education system uses Standard German. The linguistic landscape reflects both local heritage and broader German-speaking cultural connections.

9.3. Religion

According to the Constitution of Liechtenstein, Roman Catholicism is the official state religion: "The Catholic Church is the State Church and as such shall enjoy the full protection of the State."
Liechtenstein offers protection to adherents of all religions, and considers the "religious interests of the people" a priority of the government. Religious education in Catholicism or Protestantism (either Lutheran or Calvinist, or both) is legally required in Liechtenstein's schools, although exceptions are allowed. The government grants tax exemption to religious organizations. Social conflict caused by religious hostilities is reported to be low in Liechtenstein, as is government restriction on the practice of religion.
According to the 2010 census:

• Christians** comprised 85.8% of the total population.
  • Roman Catholics** constituted 75.9%, organized under the Catholic Archdiocese of Vaduz.
  • Protestants** (mainly organized in the Evangelical Church in Liechtenstein - a united church of Lutheran & Reformed traditions - and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Liechtenstein) and **Orthodox Christians** (mainly organized in the Christian-Orthodox Church) accounted for 9.6%.
• Islam** was the largest minority religion, with 5.4% of the total population.

The constitutional guarantee of religious freedom allows for the practice of various faiths, though the Catholic Church holds a privileged status as the state church. Discussions about separating church and state have occurred but have not led to fundamental changes in this arrangement.

13.1. Road Transport

There are about 155 mile ^{(250 km)} of paved roadway within Liechtenstein. The road network is well-maintained and connects all municipalities. The main north-south road runs along the Rhine valley, linking to Switzerland and Austria.
Liechtenstein Bus (LIEmobil) is the primary public transport operator. It is a subsidiary of the Swiss PostBus system but is run separately. LIEmobil provides an extensive network of bus routes connecting the municipalities within Liechtenstein and also offers cross-border services to towns in Switzerland (such as Buchs SG and Sargans) and Austria (such as Feldkirch). These connections allow passengers to link with the Swiss and Austrian rail networks. Holders of a Swiss Travel Pass (for non-residents of Switzerland or Liechtenstein) can travel for free on Liechtenstein's buses.
There are approximately 56 mile ^{(90 km)} of marked bicycle paths, encouraging cycling as a mode of transport and recreation.

13.2. Rail Transport

A single railway line, the Feldkirch-Buchs railway, passes through Liechtenstein for a length of 5.9 mile ^{(9.5 km)}. This standard-gauge line is owned and operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) and connects Feldkirch in Austria with Buchs in Switzerland.
There are four railway stations in Liechtenstein along this line (from west to east):

• Forst Hilti
• Schaan-Vaduz
• Nendeln
• Schaanwald (closed in 2013)

Currently, only Schaan-Vaduz, Forst Hilti, and Nendeln are served by a regional train service (line S2 of the Vorarlberg S-Bahn), which typically runs between Feldkirch and Buchs SG on working days. International express trains, such as Railjet and EuroCity services that use this line, do not stop at stations in Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein is nominally within the Ostwind transit district, which also covers northeastern Switzerland. Plans to upgrade the line and increase rail traffic, including more frequent stops and potentially reintegrating Schaanwald station, were halted by a referendum in 2020 due to cost concerns.

13.3. Air Transport

Liechtenstein is one of the few countries without an airport.
The nearest large international airport is Zurich Airport (ZRH) in Zürich, Switzerland, which is approximately 81 mile ^{(130 km)} by road.
Other nearby airports include:

• St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport (ACH) in Switzerland (approximately 31 mile ^{(50 km)} away), which offers some regional flights.
• Friedrichshafen Airport (FDH) in Germany (approximately 53 mile ^{(85 km)} away).

For private aviation, the Balzers Heliport (ICAO: LSXB) is available for chartered helicopter flights.

14.1. Arts and Museums

Liechtenstein has a vibrant arts scene and several notable museums:

• Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein**: This is an international museum of modern and contemporary art located in Vaduz. The building, designed by Swiss architects Morger, Degelo, and Kerez, is a striking "black box" of tinted concrete and black basalt stone. Completed in November 2000, it houses the national art collection and hosts international exhibitions.
• Liechtenstein National Museum (Liechtensteinisches Landesmuseum)**: Also in Vaduz, this museum showcases permanent exhibitions on the cultural and natural history of Liechtenstein, as well as special exhibitions. It plays a key role in preserving the country's heritage.
• Liechtenstein Treasure Chamber (Schatzkammer Liechtenstein)**: Part of the National Museum, it displays items from the Princely Collections, including art, historical weapons, and princely regalia, offering a glimpse into the history of the Princely House.
• Stamp Museum (Postmuseum)**: Given Liechtenstein's fame for its postage stamps, this museum in Vaduz is dedicated to the principality's philatelic history.
• Ski Museum**: Reflecting the importance of winter sports.
• Rural Lifestyle Museum (Bauernhausmuseum)**: A 500-year-old farmhouse displaying traditional rural life.

The **Historical Society of the Principality of Liechtenstein** also plays a significant role in preserving and promoting the country's history.
The **Private Art Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein** is one of the world's leading private art collections, with significant holdings of European masterpieces. While parts are displayed in the Treasure Chamber, major portions are exhibited at the Liechtenstein Museum (specifically the Garden Palace and City Palace) in Vienna.
The Liechtenstein State Library (Liechtensteinische Landesbibliothek) is the national library and has legal deposit for all books published in the country.
Poet Ida Ospelt-Amann published her works exclusively in the Alemannic dialect of Vaduz, contributing to the preservation of local linguistic heritage.

14.2. Music and Performing Arts

Music and theatre are important parts of Liechtenstein's cultural life.

• Liechtenstein Music School (Musikschule Liechtenstein)**: This institution plays a central role in music education for all ages and fosters musical talent across the country.
• Musical Ensembles and Societies**: There are numerous music organizations, choirs, and bands. The annual "Guitar Days" festival (Internationale Gitarrentage) attracts international artists. The International Josef Rheinberger Society is dedicated to the works of the Liechtenstein-born composer.
• Liechtenstein Musical Company**: Produces musical theatre.
• Venues**: There are several venues for concerts and theatrical performances, including the SAL (Saal am Lindaplatz) in Schaan and the TAK (Theater am Kirchplatz) Schaan, which host a variety of local and international performances.

Classical music is prominent, but traditional folk music also holds a place in the cultural landscape.

14.3. Cuisine

Liechtenstein's cuisine is heavily influenced by the culinary traditions of its neighboring countries: Switzerland, Austria, and Southern Germany (particularly Bavaria). It features hearty, rustic dishes typical of the Alpine region.
Some notable dishes and characteristics include:

• Käsknöpfle**: A type of cheese spaetzle (small dumplings) made with flour, eggs, and cheese, often served with caramelized onions or applesauce. It is considered a national dish.
• Ribel**: A cornmeal- or semolina-based dish, often cooked with milk or water and served sweet or savory.
• Hafalaab**: A soup containing ham or bacon and cornmeal dumplings.

Dining often emphasizes fresh, local produce when available. Traditional inns and restaurants offer these local specialties.

14.4. Festivals and Public Holidays

Liechtenstein observes a number of national and public holidays, many of which are rooted in Roman Catholic traditions or commemorate national events.

• National Day (Staatsfeiertag)**: Celebrated on August 15th. This is the most important national holiday. It coincides with the Feast of the Assumption. Festivities traditionally include an official act of state at Vaduz Castle (where the public is invited into the castle gardens), speeches by the Prince and government officials, and a large public festival with fireworks in Vaduz. This day fosters a strong sense of national identity and community.
• Christian Holidays**: Major Christian holidays such as Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, and Corpus Christi are public holidays and widely celebrated.
• Local Festivals**: Various municipalities may have their own local festivals and traditions.
• Funkensonntag** (Spark Sunday): Celebrated on the first Sunday of Lent (typically in February or March), this pre-Christian tradition involves lighting large bonfires to drive away winter. It is a public festival and often involves community gatherings.

These festivals and holidays play an important role in the social and cultural life of Liechtenstein, providing opportunities for community gathering, reflection, and celebration of national and local traditions.

15.1. Football

Football is the most popular sport in Liechtenstein.

• Domestic Clubs and Swiss Leagues:** Liechtenstein does not have its own national professional league. Instead, its football clubs participate in the Swiss football leagues. The most prominent club is FC Vaduz, which has frequently played in the Swiss Challenge League (the second tier) and occasionally in the Swiss Super League (the top tier). Other clubs play in lower Swiss leagues.
• Liechtenstein Football Cup**: This annual cup competition is open to all football clubs in Liechtenstein. The winner of the Liechtenstein Football Cup qualifies for the UEFA Conference League (previously the UEFA Europa League). FC Vaduz has historically dominated this competition.
• National Team**: The Liechtenstein national football team competes in FIFA and UEFA competitions. While often considered an underdog, the team has achieved some memorable results, including draws against Portugal (2004) and victories over Latvia (2007), Iceland (2007), Lithuania (2011), and Moldova (2014). A book by British author Charlie Connelly documented their unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Liechtenstein also participates in youth football, such as the Switzerland U16 Cup Tournament, providing young players experience against top clubs.

15.2. Winter Sports

As an Alpine country, Liechtenstein excels in winter sports, especially alpine skiing. The country's main ski area is at Malbun.
Liechtenstein boasts a remarkable record in the Winter Olympic Games, having won more Olympic medals per capita than any other nation. All ten of its Olympic medals have been in alpine skiing.
Notable alpine skiers include:

• Hanni Wenzel: Won two gold medals (slalom, giant slalom) and one silver medal (downhill) at the 1980 Winter Olympics, and a bronze medal (slalom) at the 1976 Winter Olympics.
• Andreas Wenzel (brother of Hanni): Won one silver medal (giant slalom) at the 1980 Winter Olympics and one bronze medal (giant slalom) at the 1984 Winter Olympics.
• Tina Weirather (daughter of Hanni Wenzel and Harti Weirather): Won a bronze medal (Super-G) at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
• Marco Büchel: A highly successful skier who competed in six Winter Olympics.
• Willi Frommelt: Bronze medalist (slalom) at the 1976 Winter Olympics.
• Paul Frommelt (brother of Willi): Bronze medalist (slalom) at the 1988 Winter Olympics.
• Ursula Konzett: Bronze medalist (slalom) at the 1984 Winter Olympics.

Liechtenstein is the smallest country to win a medal in any Olympics (Winter or Summer) and, as of recent records, the only country to win a medal in the Winter Games but not in the Summer Games.

15.3. Other Sports

Besides football and winter sports, several other sports are pursued in Liechtenstein:

• Tennis**: Players like Stephanie Vogt and Kathinka von Deichmann have achieved varying degrees of success on the international women's tour.
• Swimming**: Athletes such as Julia Hassler and Christoph Meier have represented Liechtenstein in international competitions, including the Olympics. Julia Hassler was the nation's flag bearer at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
• Motorsport**:
  • Rikky von Opel, an American-born German-Colombian, raced under the flag of Liechtenstein in Formula One in the 1973 and 1974 seasons.
  • Manfred Schurti competed in nine editions of the 24 Hours of Le Mans as a Porsche factory driver, with a best finish of 4th overall in 1976.
  • Currently, Fabienne Wohlwend and Matthias Kaiser represent the country in endurance racing.
• Electric Motorcycle Record**: In March 2020, artist Michel von Tell set a distance world record for electric motorcycles in Liechtenstein, driving over 1,000 miles within 24 hours on an electric Harley-Davidson. The event, which ended in Ruggell, gained global media attention.

General fitness and participation in various recreational sports are common among the population, supported by good local facilities.