San Marino

2.1. Ancient and Medieval

According to tradition, San Marino was founded on 3 September 301 AD by Saint Marinus, a Christian stonemason who fled the island of Rab in present-day Croatia to escape religious persecution under Roman Emperor Diocletian. Accompanied by his lifelong friend Leo, Marinus initially went to Rimini as a stonemason. Following the Diocletianic Persecution prompted by his Christian sermons, he sought refuge on the nearby Monte Titano. There, he is said to have built a small church and established an independent monastic community, which formed the nucleus of the city and state of San Marino. This founding legend underpins San Marino's claim as the world's oldest extant republic.
While accounts of Marinus's life are recorded centuries after he supposedly lived and are intertwined with fables, historical evidence suggests the presence of a monastic community in the area by the 5th or 6th century AD, as noted by the monk Eugippus.
Throughout the medieval period, San Marino managed to maintain its independence, largely due to its isolated mountainous location and its poverty, which made it an unattractive target for conquest. The community gradually evolved into a communal form of government. Key moments in asserting its autonomy include a successful appeal in 1291 to the Bishop of Arezzo against tribute demands from the Vicario del Montefeltro, a decision upheld by the jurist Palamede di Rimini recognizing San Marino's tax exemption. In 1296, another appeal to Pope Boniface VIII against further tribute demands from Montefeltro podestàs likely resulted in a verdict favoring San Marino's autonomy.
In 1320, the community of Chiesanuova voluntarily joined San Marino. In 1463, San Marino expanded its territory through the inclusion of the communities of Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle, largely as a result of its participation in an alliance against Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini. Since this expansion, the country's borders have remained unchanged.

2.2. Early Modern and Modern

San Marino's independence faced several threats during the early modern period. In 1503, Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI, occupied the Republic for six months. However, his father's successor, Pope Julius II, intervened and restored the country's independence. Another attempt to conquer the republic occurred on 4 June 1543, by Fabiano di Monte San Savino, nephew of the later Pope Julius III. His forces failed, reportedly getting lost in a dense fog, an event the Sammarinesi attributed to Saint Quirinus, whose feast day it was.
After the Duchy of Urbino was annexed by the Papal States in 1625, San Marino became an enclave entirely surrounded by papal territory. This led San Marino to seek formal protection from the Papal States in 1631, an act recognized by Pope Urban VIII. However, this protection never translated into de facto Papal control over the republic, and San Marino maintained its sovereignty.
The country was occupied on 17 October 1739 by Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, the Papal legate of Ravenna. This occupation was short-lived, as independence was restored by Pope Clement XII on 5 February 1740, the feast day of Saint Agatha. Consequently, Saint Agatha became a patron saint of the republic, celebrated for her role in preserving San Marino's freedom.
The Statutes of 1600, a series of six books, codified San Marino's laws and governmental system, forming the basis of its constitution, which is considered the oldest written constitution still in effect.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the advance of Napoleon Bonaparte's army in 1797 posed a brief threat. However, one of San Marino's Regents, Antonio Onofri, managed to gain Napoleon's respect and friendship. Napoleon, impressed by the small republic's resilience, promised to guarantee its independence and even offered to extend its territory to the sea. The Regents, wary of future reprisals and content with their small state, wisely declined the territorial expansion. This decision is often cited as a testament to San Marino's prudent foreign policy focused on preserving its sovereignty through neutrality and good relations.
In the 19th century, during the Italian unification (Risorgimento), San Marino provided a safe haven for many individuals persecuted for their support of unification. Notably, Giuseppe Garibaldi, a key figure in the unification, along with his wife Anita, found refuge in San Marino in 1849 while fleeing Austrian forces. In recognition of this sanctuary, Garibaldi respected San Marino's wish to remain independent and did not incorporate it into the newly formed Kingdom of Italy. In 1862, a Convention of Friendship and Good Neighbourship was signed between San Marino and the Kingdom of Italy, formalizing relations and ensuring San Marino's continued independence within a unified Italy. This treaty also established a customs union.
The government of San Marino also made United States President Abraham Lincoln an honorary citizen. Lincoln, in his reply, acknowledged the republic's enduring principles, stating that it proved "government founded on republican principles is capable of being so administered as to be secure and enduring." This exchange highlighted San Marino's status as a symbol of republicanism.

2.3. 20th Century Onwards

During World War I, San Marino remained neutral, although Italy, upon declaring war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915, viewed this neutrality with suspicion, fearing San Marino could harbor Austrian spies. Italy attempted to establish a Carabinieri detachment within the republic and cut telephone lines when San Marino did not comply. Despite official neutrality, two groups of ten Sammarinese volunteers joined Italian forces: one as combatants and the other as a medical corps operating a Red Cross field hospital. Austria-Hungary subsequently suspended diplomatic relations with San Marino due to the hospital's existence. Post-war, San Marino faced high unemployment and inflation, increasing social tensions. These conditions fostered support for the Sammarinese Fascist Party (PFS), founded in 1922, which ruled from 1923 to 1943, often aligning with Benito Mussolini's government in Italy. This period marked a significant deviation from San Marino's democratic traditions, as other political parties were banned, reflecting a susceptibility to external political pressures while still formally maintaining sovereignty.
In World War II, San Marino again declared neutrality. A New York Times article incorrectly reported San Marino had declared war on the United Kingdom in September 1940, but the Sammarinese government promptly clarified its neutral stance to the British government. On 28 July 1943, following Mussolini's fall in Italy, PFS rule in San Marino collapsed, and a non-fascist government reasserted neutrality. The PFS briefly regained power on 1 April 1944, but neutrality was maintained. On 26 June 1944, San Marino was bombed by Allied Royal Air Force planes, based on mistaken intelligence that German forces were using its territory for military purposes. The bombing killed 69 civilians. The Sammarinese government declared that no military installations or belligerent forces were on its territory. San Marino provided refuge to thousands of civilian refugees (estimated at around 100,000, about ten times its population at the time) fleeing the fighting along the Gothic Line. In September 1944, German forces briefly occupied San Marino but were defeated by Allied forces in the Battle of San Marino. Allied troops then occupied San Marino for about two months. This period underscored the vulnerability of small, neutral states during major conflicts but also highlighted San Marino's humanitarian role.
Post-World War II, San Marino experienced a significant political development: the establishment of the world's first democratically elected communist government. A coalition between the Sammarinese Communist Party and the Sammarinese Socialist Party held office from 1945 to 1957. This government implemented various social reforms, focusing on welfare and public services, demonstrating a commitment to social equity. This period was a unique experiment in governance, reflecting the political currents of post-war Europe within a microstate context. The coalition eventually lost power due to the Rovereta crisis of 1957, a constitutional crisis involving defections and external pressures.
San Marino continued its integration into the international community, joining the Council of Europe in 1988 and the United Nations in 1992. These memberships signaled its commitment to international law, human rights, and democratic norms. While not a member of the European Union, San Marino has a close relationship with the EU and adopted the Euro as its currency in 2002, replacing the Sammarinese lira. The country's ongoing democratic development and active participation in international forums reflect its adaptation to the modern world while preserving its ancient heritage of independence and republicanism.

3.1. Climate

San Marino experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), with some continental influences, typical of inland areas of the central Italian Peninsula. The summers are generally warm to hot, while winters are cool.
Precipitation is distributed throughout the year, with no distinct dry season, though summers tend tobe drier. Average annual rainfall is around 30 in ^{(750 mm)}. Snowfall is common and can be heavy during most winters, particularly at higher elevations like Monte Titano (above 1312 ft ^{(400 m)}).
Average temperatures in Borgo Maggiore (elevation 1476 ft ^{(450 m)}) range from a mean of 37.94 °F ^{(3.3 °C)} in January to 71.6 °F ^{(22 °C)} in July. Summer highs can reach 81.5 °F ^{(27.5 °C)} or more, while winter lows can drop to around 32 °F ^{(0 °C)}. Extreme temperatures recorded range from 7.520000000000003 °F ^{(-13.6 °C)} to 103.82 °F ^{(39.9 °C)}.
The data below represents average climate conditions for San Marino, with specific values for Borgo Maggiore as representative.

4.1. Government System

San Marino is a parliamentary republic with a constitution based on statutes enacted in 1600, considered the world's oldest written governing documents still in effect. The core principles of its government include the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Executive power is exercised by the State Congress (Congresso di Stato), which functions as the cabinet. While there is no formal head of government equivalent to a prime minister in other countries, the Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs often performs similar duties and is a prominent figure in the executive. Legislative power is vested in the Grand and General Council, and the judiciary is independent.

4.2. Captains Regent

The most distinctive feature of San Marino's government is its dual head of state, the Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti_{Captains Regent}^Italian). Two individuals are elected by the Grand and General Council to serve concurrently for a six-month term. This practice dates back to 1243 and is derived from the customs of the Roman Republic, mirroring the role of Roman consuls. The Captains Regent are chosen from opposing parties to ensure a balance of power and prevent the concentration of authority in a single individual. Their investiture ceremonies occur on April 1st and October 1st each year.
The roles of the Captains Regent are largely ceremonial but also include presiding over the Grand and General Council and the State Congress, and representing the republic internationally. The short term and dual nature of the office are designed to promote democratic stability, ensure accountability (citizens can file complaints about their conduct after their term), and foster broad representation. San Marino has had more female heads of state than any other country; as of October 2014, 15 women had served as Captain Regent. Notable appointments include Mirko Tomassoni in 2007, the first disabled person elected as Captain Regent, and Paolo Rondelli in 2022, the world's first openly gay head of state, highlighting the nation's progressive stance on representation and human rights.

4.3. Grand and General Council

The Grand and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale_{Grand and General Council}^Italian) is the unicameral parliament of San Marino. It consists of 60 members elected every five years through a system of proportional representation across the nine administrative districts (Castelli). All citizens aged 18 and older are eligible to vote.
The Council's primary functions include enacting legislation, approving the national budget, and electing the Captains Regent. It also elects the State Congress (composed of ten Secretaries of State who form the government), the Council of Twelve (which serves as a high court of justice), various advising commissions, and government unions. Furthermore, the Grand and General Council has the power to ratify treaties with other countries. The Council is divided into five Advising Commissions, each with fifteen councilors, which examine, propose, and discuss new laws before they are presented to the full Council.

4.4. Major Parties and Elections

San Marino has a vibrant multi-party system. Political parties often form alliances to contest elections and form coalition governments. Historically, the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS) has been a dominant force. Other significant parties include the Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD), which emerged from a merger of socialist and former communist parties, and newer movements like Libera San Marino and Future Republic.
An election law passed in 2008 raised the threshold for small parties to enter Parliament, encouraging the formation of larger electoral coalitions. For example, past elections have seen contests between right-leaning coalitions like the "Pact for San Marino" and left-leaning ones such as "Reforms and Freedom." Recent political trends show a dynamic landscape with shifting alliances and the emergence of new political forces, reflecting citizens' engagement in democratic participation and a desire for diverse political representation. The outcomes of elections typically lead to coalition governments, underscoring the need for political cooperation and consensus-building.
Following the June 2024 general election, a coalition government was formed by the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, the Reformist Alliance (AR), the Socialist Party, and Libera PS.

5.1. Castelli

The Republic of San Marino is divided into nine municipalities, locally termed castelli_castles^Italian. Each castello is headed by a Castle Captain (Capitano di Castello_{Castle Captain}^Italian) and a Castle Council (Giunta di Castello_{Castle Council}^Italian), who are elected every five years. The nine Castelli are:

• Acquaviva
• Borgo Maggiore
• Chiesanuova
• City of San Marino (Città di San Marino_{City of San Marino}^Italian), the nation's capital
• Domagnano
• Faetano
• Fiorentino
• Montegiardino
• Serravalle

The largest settlement by population is Dogana, which is part of the Castello of Serravalle.

5.2. Curazie

Within the Castelli, there are smaller hamlets or parishes known as curazie_parishes^Italian (singular: curazia_parish^Italian). These are similar to Italian frazioni_hamlets^Italian. San Marino has 44 curazie. Some of these include: Cà Berlone, Cà Chiavello, Cailungo, Canepa, Capanne, Casole, Dogana, Falciano, Fiorina, Gualdicciolo, Lesignano, Murata, Rovereta, Torraccia, and Valdragone. Each curazia represents a distinct locality within its respective castello.

6.1. Crossbow Corps

Once the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps (Corpo Balestrieri_{Crossbow Corps}^Italian) is now a ceremonial force of approximately 80 volunteers. Established in 1295, the Corps provides demonstrations of crossbow shooting at festivals. Their uniform is of medieval design. While still a statutory military unit, it has no modern military function.

6.2. Guard of the Rock

The Guard of the Rock (Guardia di Rocca_{Guard of the Rock}^Italian) is a front-line unit responsible for patrolling borders and defending them. As Fortress Guards, they are also responsible for guarding the Palazzo Pubblico, the seat of national government, in the City of San Marino. They are known for their colorful Changing of the Guard ceremony, a significant tourist attraction. Under a 1987 statute, Guard of the Rock members are enrolled as "Criminal Police Officers" and assist police in major crime investigations. Their distinctive uniform is red and green.

6.3. Guard of the Grand and General Council

The Guard of the Grand and General Council (Guardia del Consiglio Grande e Generale_{Guard of the Grand and General Council}^Italian), commonly known as the Guard of the Council or locally as the "Guard of Nobles," was formed in 1741. It is a volunteer unit with ceremonial duties. Recognizable by its striking blue, white, and gold uniform, it is one of the best-known parts of the Sammarinese military. Its functions are to protect the Captains Regent and to defend the Grand and General Council during its formal sessions. They also serve as ceremonial bodyguards for government officials at state and church festivals.

6.4. Company of Uniformed Militia

Historically, all families with two or more adult male members were required to enroll half of them in the Company of Uniformed Militia (Compagnia Uniformata delle Milizie_{Company of Uniformed Militia}^Italian). This unit remains the basic fighting force of San Marino's armed forces but is now largely ceremonial. Membership is a matter of civic pride, and all citizens with at least six years' residence are entitled to enroll. Their uniform is dark blue with a kepi bearing a blue and white plume; the ceremonial version includes a white cross-strap, white and blue sash, white epaulets, and white decorated cuffs.

6.5. Military Ensemble

Formally part of the Army Militia, the Military Ensemble (Banda Militare_{Military Band}^Italian) is the ceremonial military band of San Marino. It consists of approximately 60 musicians. Its uniform is similar to that of the Army Militia. The Military Ensemble's music accompanies most state occasions in the republic.

6.6. Gendarmerie

Established in 1842, the Corps of Gendarmerie of San Marino (Corpo della Gendarmeria della Repubblica di San Marino_{Corps of Gendarmerie of the Republic of San Marino}^Italian) is a militarized law enforcement agency. Its members are full-time personnel responsible for the protection of citizens and property, and the preservation of law and order.

7.1. Relations with Italy

Given that San Marino is entirely enclaved within Italy, its relationship with its larger neighbor is paramount. This relationship is governed by a series of conventions and treaties, the foundational one being the Convention of Friendship and Good Neighbourship of 1862, which has been periodically updated. This treaty guarantees San Marino's independence and establishes a customs union.
The economic, political, and social ties are extensive. Italy is San Marino's primary trading partner, and many Sammarinese citizens work or study in Italy, and vice versa. The two countries cooperate on various issues, including security, justice, and infrastructure. San Marino uses the Euro through an agreement with Italy and the European Union.
While the relationship is generally one of mutual benefit and respect for sovereignty, discussions sometimes arise regarding fiscal policies, cross-border labor, and economic integration. San Marino strives to balance its close dependence on Italy with the assertion of its unique sovereign identity. The social and labor implications of this close relationship include the movement of workers and the need for harmonized regulations in certain sectors.

7.2. Membership in International Organizations

San Marino became a member of the Council of Europe in 1988 and the United Nations in 1992. Its participation in these and other international bodies, such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), underscores its commitment to global cooperation.
Within these organizations, San Marino often focuses on issues relevant to small states, human rights, democracy, and international law. It has actively contributed to discussions on these topics and has, at times, played a role in promoting democratic norms and peaceful conflict resolution. Its membership allows San Marino to project its voice on the international stage and to benefit from international legal frameworks and development programs. The republic is not a member of the European Union but maintains a close relationship through various agreements, including a customs union and monetary agreement.

8.1. Main Industries

The core sectors of San Marino's economy are diverse.

• Tourism: This is a vital industry, contributing significantly to the GDP (over 22% in some estimates). Approximately 2 million tourists visited in 2014, drawn by its historic sites, medieval towers, and duty-free shopping.
• Banking and Finance: The financial sector is a key pillar, although it has faced challenges related to international transparency standards in the past. San Marino has worked to align its banking regulations with international norms.
• Manufacturing: This sector includes the production of electronics, ceramics, tiles, bricks, textiles (cotton), and food products like wine and cheese.
• Retail: The sale of goods, often benefiting from lower tax rates compared to Italy, attracts shoppers.
• Agriculture: While a smaller part of the economy, agriculture produces wine, cheese, wheat, olives, and livestock.

The issuance of collectible postage stamps and coins (especially its unique Euro coin designs) also provides a notable source of income.

8.2. Taxation System

San Marino has its own taxation system, which has historically been characterized by lower rates compared to neighboring Italy, making it attractive for some businesses and individuals.

• Corporate Profits Tax: The rate is 8.5%.
• Personal Income Tax (IGR): Introduced in 1984 and reformed in 2013, the IGR has progressive rates ranging from 9% for annual revenue below €10,000 to 35% for revenues above €80,000.
• Import Tax (Single Stage Tax): Instead of a standard Value Added Tax (VAT) like in the EU, San Marino levies an import tax (imposta monofase_{single-stage tax}^Italian) on imported goods and raw materials. This tax is applied once at the point of importation. While different from EU VAT, it is considered equivalent under the EU customs agreement. A separate tax on services (3%) was introduced in 2011.

The lower tax environment has sometimes led to San Marino being considered a tax haven, attracting Italian businesses and wealthy individuals. This has social equity implications, as it can affect the tax base and funding for public services if not managed carefully. The government has been working to enhance fiscal transparency and comply with international tax standards.

8.3. Tourism

The tourism sector is a cornerstone of San Marino's economy, contributing over 22% of its GDP. In 2014, the republic welcomed approximately 2 million tourists. Visitors are drawn to its medieval architecture, particularly the Three Towers (Guaita, Cesta, and Montale) on Monte Titano, the historic city center (a UNESCO World Heritage site), museums, and scenic views. Duty-free shopping also attracts many visitors. The government actively promotes tourism, which provides significant employment and revenue. On average, tourists spend about two nights in the republic.

8.4. Economic Conventions with Italy

San Marino and Italy have maintained economic conventions since 1862, dictating various economic activities. These agreements include:

• A customs union, meaning no tariffs on goods traded between the two countries.
• Limitations on certain productions: San Marino is forbidden from cultivating tobacco and producing goods subject to Italian government monopolies. All goods from third countries must pass through Italy.
• An annual stipend from Italy: In exchange for these limitations, Italy provides San Marino with an annual supply of sea salt (up to 250 tonnes), tobacco (40 tonnes), cigarettes (20 tonnes), and matches (unlimited amount) at cost.

There are no border formalities with Italy, though tourists can purchase souvenir passport stamps.

8.5. Currency

San Marino currently uses the Euro (€) as its official currency. It was allowed to adopt the Euro by arrangement with the Council of the European Union, effective from 1 January 2002, even though it is not an EU member. San Marino has the right to mint its own Euro coins featuring national designs on the obverse side. These Sammarinese Euro coins, like the Sammarinese lira before them, are produced in limited quantities and are highly sought after by numismatists.
Prior to the Euro, the currency was the Sammarinese lira, which was pegged to and exchangeable with the Italian lira. San Marino has not issued its own banknotes since 1943 but has issued its own coins since 1972. The republic retains the right to issue gold coins denominated in Scudi (1 gold Scudo having a legal value of 37.50 euros).

9.1. Road Transport

San Marino has approximately 137 mile ^{(220 km)} of roads. The main artery is the San Marino Highway (Superstrada di San Marino_{San Marino Highway}^Italian), a dual carriageway that connects the country, running from Borgo Maggiore through Domagnano and Serravalle to Dogana at the Italian border. After crossing the border, it continues as the Italian SS72 state road, linking to Rimini and the A14 motorway.
Private vehicles are licensed with distinctive Sammarinese license plates (white with blue figures and the coat of arms, typically a letter followed by up to four numbers). Vehicles often display the international identification code "RSM". Several taxi companies operate within San Marino, and Italian taxis also serve the republic. San Marino has one of the highest rates of car ownership per capita in the world.

9.2. Public Transport

Public transport is managed by the Azienda Autonoma di Stato per i Servizi Pubblici (AASS), the Sammarinese state company for public services. This includes:

• Bus Network: AASS operates several local bus routes entirely within San Marino, with most lines originating in the City of San Marino and serving major settlements like Borgo Maggiore, Domagnano, Serravalle, Dogana, and San Marino Hospital.
• Connections to Italy: Regular coach services, operated by companies like Bonelli and Benedettini, connect San Marino (City of San Marino, Borgo Maggiore, etc.) with Rimini (railway station and Arch of Augustus), providing a crucial link for tourists and commuters. The journey takes approximately fifty minutes. Other Italian bus companies like Start Romagna operate routes near the Sammarinese border, facilitating connections to nearby Italian towns.
• Aerial Cable Car (Funivia di San Marino): A prominent feature and tourist attraction is the Funivia di San Marino, an aerial tramway connecting Borgo Maggiore (lower terminus) to the historic City of San Marino on Monte Titano (upper terminus). The two-minute ride, running every fifteen minutes, offers panoramic views. Inaugurated in 1959, it was modernized in 1995-1996 and further renovated in 2017, transporting around 500,000 passengers annually.

9.3. Air Transport

San Marino does not have a public airport. Residents and visitors rely on nearby Italian airports:

• Federico Fellini International Airport in Miramare, Rimini (the closest).
• Forlì Airport
• Marche Airport in Ancona
• Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport in Bologna.

San Marino has had bilateral agreements with Italy concerning access to Fellini Airport. In 2002, the Sammarinese government acquired a stake in Aeradria, the airport's management company, and the airport was officially named Rimini-San Marino Airport. A 2013 agreement granted San Marino a concession over areas at Fellini Airport for a private terminal, though as of 2023, a Sammarinese presence was not yet established.
The only aviation facility within San Marino is the Torraccia Airfield (Aviosuperficie Torraccia), a small general aviation aerodrome located in Torraccia, Domagnano, near the Italian border. It has a 2133 ft ^{(650 m)} grass runway, first used in 1981, with the airfield structure opening in 1985. It is operated by Aeroclub San Marino and hosts a flight school, recreational flights, and some tourist flights.
A heliport previously existed in Borgo Maggiore, at the site of the current Funivia parking lot, operating from 1950. A helicopter line ran between Borgo Maggiore and Rimini's port from 1959, later extending to San Leo, before closing in 1969.

9.4. Railway

Currently, San Marino has no operational national railway system apart from an 2625 ft ^{(800 m)} heritage railway section that opened in 2012.
Historically, the Ferrovia Rimini-San Marino (Rimini-San Marino Railway), an electrified narrow-gauge railway, operated from 1932 to 1944. It connected Rimini (Italy) to the City of San Marino, covering 20 mile ^{(31.5 km)} and serving towns like Dogana, Serravalle, Domagnano, and Borgo Maggiore. The railway was an advanced system for its time but was heavily damaged by bombing during World War II and subsequently closed. During the war, its tunnels provided shelter for refugees.
After the war, the railway was abandoned in favor of the San Marino Highway. However, it remains an important part of Sammarinese cultural history. In 2012, an 2625 ft ^{(800 m)} section, including the Montale tunnel, was restored and reopened as a tourist heritage railway in the City of San Marino, running between Piazzale della Stazione and near Via Napoleone. There have been discussions by both Sammarinese and Italian governments about the possibility of reopening the full line.
Additionally, between 1921 and 1960, San Marino was served by a station on the Rimini-Novafeltria railway in Torello, Italy, near Gualdicciolo in San Marino.

10.1. Demographics

As of September 2023, San Marino had an estimated population of 33,896. Of these, approximately 28,226 held Sammarinese citizenship, while 4,881 were Italian citizens, and 789 were citizens of other countries. A significant number of Sammarinese citizens, around 13,000, live abroad, primarily in Italy (6,600), the United States (3,000), and France and Argentina (2,000).
The population density is relatively high due to the small land area. The country has favorable demographic indicators, including high life expectancy (men 82 years, women 84 years in 2011, among the world's highest) and low infant mortality rates. The birth rate was 9.7 per 1,000 in 2009, and the death rate was 7.4 per 1,000 in 2009. The total fertility rate was 1.5 in 2008.
The first census since 1976 was conducted in 2010.

10.2. Language

The official language of San Marino is Italian. In addition to standard Italian, a local dialect of Romagnol, known as Sammarinese (San Maroin_{San Maroin (Sammarinese)}^rgn or San Maréin_{San Maréin (Sammarinese)}^rgn), is also spoken, particularly by the elderly. The Sammarinese dialect is considered an endangered language due to the increasing prevalence of standard Italian in daily life and education.

10.3. Religion

San Marino is a predominantly Roman Catholic state, with approximately 97.2% of the population professing the Catholic faith in 2011. Around half of these regularly attend church. Catholicism, however, is not an established state religion, and freedom of religion is guaranteed. The country's strong Catholic heritage is linked to its founding by Saint Marinus, who established a Christian community.
There is no episcopal see within San Marino itself. Historically, parishes were divided between the Italian dioceses of Montefeltro and Rimini. In 1977, these borders were readjusted so that all of San Marino falls under the Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro. The bishop resides in Pennabilli, Italy. Taxpayers in San Marino have the option to allocate 0.3% of their income tax to the Catholic Church or other registered charities.
Other faiths present in San Marino include the Waldensian Church and Jehovah's Witnesses. There has been a Jewish presence in San Marino for at least 600 years, with historical records detailing their transactions and community life. During World War II, San Marino provided a haven for over 100,000 Jews and other Italians fleeing Nazi persecution. Few Jews remain today.
In 2019, a sculpture titled "Dialogue" was inaugurated at Saint Anne Chapel, dedicated to interfaith dialogue. San Marino is also home to the San Marino Jinja, the first Shinto shrine in Europe officially recognized by the Association of Shinto Shrines in Japan, established in 2014.

10.4. Notable People

San Marino has produced several notable individuals in various fields:

• Saint Marinus (legendary founder of the Republic).
• Giovanni Battista Belluzzi (1506-1554), architect.
• Francesco Maria Marini (fl. 1637), Baroque composer.
• Antonio Onofri (1759-1825), statesman, considered the "Father of his Country" for his diplomatic efforts during the Napoleonic era.
• Little Tony (Antonio Ciacci, 1941-2013), pop and rock musician successful in Italy and the UK.
• Pasquale Valentini (born 1953), politician, former Captain Regent and holder of multiple ministerial posts.
• Massimo Bonini (born 1959), former professional footballer who played for Juventus.
• Marco Macina (born 1964), former professional footballer.
• Valentina Monetta (born 1975), singer, represented San Marino four times in the Eurovision Song Contest.
• Manuel Poggiali (born 1983), former Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion.
• Alex de Angelis (born 1984), Grand Prix motorcycle road racer.
• Alessandra Perilli (born 1988), sport shooter, San Marino's first-ever Olympic medalist (bronze and silver at Tokyo 2020).
• Gian Marco Berti (born 1982), sport shooter, Olympic silver medalist (Tokyo 2020).
• Myles Amine (born 1996), Sammarinese-American wrestler, Olympic bronze medalist (Tokyo 2020).

These individuals have contributed to San Marino's identity and international recognition, with figures like Onofri impacting its democratic survival and athletes bringing recent global attention.

10.5. LGBTQ+ Rights

San Marino has made significant progress in LGBTQ+ rights, reflecting an evolving commitment to equality and human rights. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1865, with an equal age of consent. In 2004, an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation in employment was enacted.
Civil unions for same-sex couples were legalized in November 2018 and came into effect in February 2019, granting many of the rights and protections of marriage. However, same-sex marriage itself is not yet legal. Joint adoption and adoption by a step-parent are not permitted for same-sex couples.
Public attitudes towards LGBTQ+ individuals have become more accepting over time. In April 2022, Paolo Rondelli became one of the Captains Regent, making him the world's first openly gay head of state, a landmark event for LGBTQ+ rights globally and a testament to San Marino's progress in democratic representation. Despite these advancements, some challenges may remain in achieving full legal equality and social acceptance for LGBTQ+ individuals.

11.1. National Symbols

San Marino's national symbols are rich in historical and cultural significance:

• Name: Derived from Saint Marinus, the legendary founder. The official title, "Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino" (Most Serene Republic of San Marino), emphasizes its sovereignty and peaceful history.
• Flag: The flag of San Marino consists of two horizontal bands: white on top (symbolizing peace and the snow on Monte Titano) and light blue below (symbolizing liberty and the sky). The state flag includes the national coat of arms in the center. It was officially adopted on April 6, 1862.
• Coat of Arms: The coat of arms features a shield depicting the Three Towers of San Marino (Guaita, Cesta, and Montale) on the three peaks of Monte Titano, each topped with an ostrich feather. The shield is flanked by an oak branch (symbolizing stability) and a laurel branch (symbolizing liberty/victory). Above the shield is a crown, representing the sovereignty of the Republic. Below the shield is a scroll with the motto "LIBERTAS_Liberty^Latin", a core value of San Marino.
• National Anthem: The "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" (National Anthem of the Republic) is one of the world's oldest national anthems still in use. Composed by Federico Consolo in 1894, it is unique for having no official lyrics.
• The Three Towers: Guaita (11th century), Cesta (13th century, highest peak, houses a museum of ancient arms), and Montale (14th century, smallest, privately owned) are iconic symbols of San Marino, representing its defensive history and independence.

11.2. UNESCO World Heritage

In 2008, the "San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano" was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This recognition highlights the exceptional testimony of a living republic that has preserved its institutional and political continuity, as well as its historic urban landscape, for over seven centuries. The site includes the historic city of San Marino, Borgo Maggiore, and Monte Titano with its three towers, walls, gates, and bastions.

11.3. Museums and Galleries

San Marino has several state-run national museums and galleries that preserve and showcase its rich heritage:

• Museo di Stato (State Museum): Located in the Palazzo Pergami Belluzzi, it houses a vast collection of archaeological finds (from Neolithic to Medieval times), art (including works by Guercino), coins, and historical artifacts related to San Marino's history and legends.
• Museo delle Armi Antiche (Museum of Ancient Arms): Housed in the Cesta tower (Second Tower), this museum displays a collection of ancient weapons, armor, and experimental firearms dating from the Middle Ages to the early 20th century.
• Pinacoteca di San Francesco (St. Francis Art Gallery): Located adjacent to the Church of St. Francis, this museum exhibits sacred art, paintings from the 14th to 18th centuries, and historical artifacts.
• Galleria Nazionale (National Gallery): Focuses on the protection, conservation, and enhancement of San Marino's UNESCO heritage.
• Museo del Francobollo e della Moneta (Museum of Stamps and Coins): Showcases the history of Sammarinese philately and numismatics, which are important aspects of the country's economy and identity.
• Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea (Modern and Contemporary Art Gallery): Hosts over 1,000 works from the early 20th century to the present.
• Museo dell'Emigrante (Museum of the Emigrant): A study center dedicated to the history of Sammarinese emigration, located in the Monastery of Santa Chiara.
• Museo di Storia Naturale (Museum of Natural History): Based in the San Marino Natural History Centre in Borgo Maggiore, focusing on the local flora, fauna, and geology.

11.4. Cuisine

Sammarinese cuisine is very similar to central Italian cuisine, particularly that of the neighboring Emilia-Romagna and Marche regions. It features fresh, locally sourced ingredients. Some characteristic dishes and products include:

• Piadina: A thin Italian flatbread, often filled with cheese, cold cuts, or vegetables.
• Pasta dishes: Such as strozzapreti (priest-chokers), often served with meat ragù or other local sauces.
• Torta Tre Monti ("Cake of the Three Mountains"): A signature dessert, it's a layered wafer cake filled with chocolate and hazelnut cream, covered in chocolate, and designed to resemble the Three Towers of San Marino.
• Bustrengo: A traditional dense cake made with various ingredients like cornmeal, breadcrumbs, fruit, and honey.
• Nidi di rondine ("swallow's nests"): Baked pasta dish with ham, cheese, and beef, covered in béchamel sauce.
• Local wines: San Marino has a small wine industry producing both red and white wines, such as Sangiovese and Biancale. Moscato di San Marino is a notable sweet dessert wine.
• Olive oil and cheeses: Also locally produced.

11.5. Music

San Marino has a rich musical tradition, closely linked to that of Italy but with its own distinct elements.

• Historical Composers: Francesco Maria Marini (17th century) is a noted Sammarinese composer of early Baroque music.
• Popular Music: Little Tony (Antonio Ciacci), a Sammarinese citizen born in Tivoli, Italy, was a highly successful pop and rock singer in Italy and the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s.
• Eurovision Song Contest: San Marino has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest multiple times since its debut in 2008. Notable entries include Valentina Monetta, who represented the country four times (qualifying for the final in 2014 with "Maybe"); Turkish singer Serhat (qualifying in 2019 with "Say Na Na Na"); and Italian singer Senhit with American rapper Flo Rida (qualifying in 2021 with "Adrenalina").
• Musical Institutions: The Istituto Musicale Sammarinese (Sammarinese Musical Institute) plays a significant role in music education and cultural life.

11.6. Theatre

The primary theatre in San Marino is the Teatro Nuovo, located in Dogana, Serravalle. Opened in 1981, it is the largest theatre in the republic with a capacity of 872 seats (604 in the stalls). It hosts a variety of performances, including plays, concerts, and other cultural events, contributing to the theatrical activities within San Marino.

11.7. Public Holidays and Festivals

San Marino observes a number of public holidays and festivals that reflect its history, religious traditions, and cultural identity. These events are often marked by ceremonies, parades, and traditional activities, fostering social cohesion.

12.1. University

The main institution of higher education is the University of the Republic of San Marino (Università degli Studi della Repubblica di San Marino_{University of the Republic of San Marino}^Italian), established in 1985. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various fields, including engineering, economics, communication, historical studies, and design.
A distinguished part of the university is the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino_{Graduate School of Historical Studies of San Marino}^Italian (Graduate School of Historical Studies), an internationally recognized research and advanced study center. It was co-founded by historian Luciano Canfora and focuses on historiography and historical methodology, attracting scholars from around the world.
The Istituto Musicale Sammarinese_{Sammarinese Musical Institute}^Italian (Sammarinese Musical Institute) is an important institution for music education in the republic.
The Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino_{International Academy of Sciences San Marino}^Esperanto (AIS San Marino, International Academy of Sciences San Marino) was a private scientific association known for its use of Esperanto as a language for teaching and scientific publications, and for its focus on e-learning. It was founded in 1983 but was dissolved in 2020.
Italian author Umberto Eco was involved in an attempt to create a "university without physical structures" in San Marino, emphasizing innovative educational models.