1. Biography
Mark Noll's personal background, educational journey, and extensive professional academic path have significantly shaped his development as a historian of American Christianity.
1.1. Early Life and Education
Born on July 18, 1946, Mark Allan Noll pursued a rigorous academic path across several distinguished institutions. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Wheaton College, Illinois. He continued his studies at the University of Iowa, where he received a Master of Arts in English. Furthering his theological and historical interests, Noll completed a Master of Arts in Church History and Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. He ultimately earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in the History of Christianity from Vanderbilt University.
1.2. Academic Career
Noll's academic career spans several decades, marked by significant teaching roles and institutional leadership. Before joining the University of Notre Dame, he spent twenty-seven years on the faculty at Wheaton College, Illinois. During his tenure at Wheaton, he taught in both the history and theology departments, holding the prestigious title of McManis Professor of Christian Thought. While at Wheaton, Noll also played a pivotal role in establishing and directing the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals (ISAE), which he co-founded with Nathan O. Hatch. The institute operated from 1982 until 2014, becoming a key center for research on American evangelicalism.
In 2006, Noll transitioned to the University of Notre Dame, where he became the Francis A. McAnaney Professor of History, succeeding the retiring George Marsden. He remained a faculty member in Notre Dame's Department of History until 2016. Noll stated that this move allowed him to focus on a narrower range of subjects compared to his broader responsibilities at Wheaton. Currently, he serves as a Research Professor of History at Regent College.
2. Major Works
Mark Noll is a prolific author whose extensive body of published work has profoundly influenced the understanding of American Christianity and evangelicalism. His books delve into the historical, theological, and cultural dimensions of faith in the United States and beyond.
2.1. Books
Noll's prolific output includes numerous books that have become foundational texts in the study of American religious history.
2.1.1. The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind
Published in 1994, The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind is a seminal work that offers a critical analysis of perceived anti-intellectual tendencies within the American evangelical movement. The book argues that evangelicals have historically neglected serious intellectual engagement, leading to a decline in their influence within broader academic and cultural spheres. Upon its release, the book garnered widespread attention and was extensively covered in both religious and secular publications, sparking considerable discussion about the importance of intellectual rigor within religious communities. Noll emphasizes that "the Bible describes Jesus Christ as the one who sustains the world and everything in it. Evangelicals who profess to believe this Bible should devote themselves wholeheartedly to the effort of intellectually understanding the world and everything in it, and should not be ashamed or confused by this work... Within faith that looks to Jesus Christ, there is an inherent desire for intellectual seriousness, sincerity, and rigor."
2.1.2. America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln
In America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (2002), Noll explores the intricate and evolving relationship between Christianity and American national identity, spanning from the colonial era through the American Civil War. The book meticulously examines how faith shaped national narratives, political discourse, and societal values during a transformative period in American history.
2.1.3. The Search for Christian America
Co-authored with Nathan O. Hatch and George Marsden in 1989, The Search for Christian America delves into the historical debate surrounding the identity of the United States as a "Christian nation." The book challenges the notion that America was founded as an exclusively Christian country, arguing that its formation was a blend of both Christian and non-Christian influences. It highlights the absence of biblical verses in the U.S. Constitution and the lack of explicitly Christian symbols on the national flag, suggesting these omissions underscore a foundation that allows for religious pluralism and tolerance. The work encourages a nuanced understanding of national identity, emphasizing that Christians should humbly seek common ground with non-Christians to foster harmonious coexistence. This book has prompted numerous scholars and laypeople to more deeply consider the complexities inherent in the question, "Is America a Christian nation?"
2.1.4. The Civil War as a Theological Crisis
The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (2006) analyzes the profound theological and cultural impact of the American Civil War on American society. Noll demonstrates how the conflict deeply divided religious communities and reshaped the nation's spiritual landscape, forcing Americans to grapple with fundamental questions of faith, morality, and national purpose in the face of unprecedented violence and social upheaval.
2.1.5. One Nation Under God: Christian Faith and Political Action in America
Published in 1988, One Nation Under God: Christian Faith and Political Action in America investigates the complex interplay of Christian faith and political engagement throughout American history. The book examines specific historical moments and debates concerning the role of faith in public life. For instance, Noll recounts the fear among Presbyterians and Congregationalists regarding Thomas Jefferson's presidential election in 1800, which coincided with a fire at Princeton University. The university's president, Samuel Stanhope Smith, subsequently preached on the perceived crisis of Christianity in America, illustrating the anxieties and reactions of religious communities to political changes.
2.1.6. Religion and American Politics
Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the Present (1989), edited by Mark Noll, offers a comprehensive overview of the historical connections between religious beliefs and political developments in the United States. The book traces these dynamics from the colonial era through to more recent times, providing a broad understanding of how faith has influenced American political thought and action.
2.1.7. A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada
A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada (1992) is a foundational text that provides a broad historical survey of Christian development across North America. The book covers the evolution of Christianity in diverse contexts, highlighting its unique trajectories and shared characteristics in both countries.
2.1.8. The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield, and the Wesleys
In The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield, and the Wesleys (2004), Noll focuses on the formative period of evangelicalism in the 18th century. He details the contributions of key figures such as Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and the Wesley brothers (John and Charles), and explores the theological underpinnings that shaped the early evangelical movement.
2.1.9. The New Shape of World Christianity: How American Experience Reflects Global Faith
The New Shape of World Christianity: How American Experience Reflects Global Faith (2009) explores the broader landscape of global Christianity. Noll draws connections and comparisons between American religious trends and the international expansion and diversification of faith, offering insights into the interconnectedness of Christian experiences worldwide.
2.1.10. Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity
Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity (1997) examines pivotal moments that have significantly shaped the trajectory of global Christian history. Noll analyzes the impact and significance of these critical junctures, providing a framework for understanding the development of Christianity over two millennia.
2.1.11. Is the Reformation Over? An Evangelical Assessment of Contemporary Roman Catholicism
Co-authored with Carolyn Nystrom in 2005, Is the Reformation Over? An Evangelical Assessment of Contemporary Roman Catholicism analyzes the contemporary relationship between evangelical and Catholic traditions. The book explores areas of agreement and divergence, contributing to ongoing dialogue and understanding between these major Christian denominations.
2.1.12. America's Book: The Rise and Decline of a Bible Civilization, 1794-1911
America's Book: The Rise and Decline of a Bible Civilization, 1794-1911 (2022) examines the profound role of the Bible in American public life and civilization during a specific historical period. Noll assesses its cultural influence, its use in various social and political movements, and its evolving place in the national consciousness.
2.1.13. Other Notable Works
Noll's extensive scholarship also includes other significant books such as The Gospel in America: Themes in the Story of America's Evangelicals (1979), The Bible in America: essays in cultural history (1982), Eerdmans' handbook to Christianity in America (1983), Between Faith and Criticism; Evangelicals, Scholarship and The Bible In America (1986), Enlightenment in the Era of Samuel Stanhope Smith (1989), Princeton and the Republic, 1768-1822: The Search for Christian Religion and American politics : from the colonial period to the 1980s (1990), Seasons of Grace (1997), American Evangelical Christianity: An Introduction (2000), Protestants in America (Religion in American Life) (2000), God and Mammon: Protestants, Money, and the Market, 1790-1860 (2001), The Old Religion in a New World: The History of North American Christianity (2001), The Princeton Theology 1812-1921 : Scripture, Science, and Theological Method from Archibald Alexander to Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield (2001), The Work We Have to Do: A History of Protestants in America (2002), Christians in the American Revolution (2006), What Happened to Christian Canada? (2007), God and Race in American Politics: A Short History (2010), Clouds of Witnesses: Christian Voices from Africa and Asia (2011), Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction (2011), Jesus Christ and the Life of the Mind (2011), From Every Tribe and Nation: A Historian's Discovery of the Global Christian Story (2014), and In The Beginning Was the Word: The Bible in American Public Life, 1492-1783 (2015). These works collectively contribute to his comprehensive scholarship on American religious history and evangelicalism, covering themes like the Princeton Theology, the historical development of American evangelical Christianity, and the history of Protestants in America.
2.2. Articles
In addition to his extensive book-length works, Noll has published numerous significant scholarly articles that contribute to ongoing academic discussions. Notable articles include "The Evangelical Mind Today" (2004), which further explores the intellectual landscape of evangelicalism, and "What Happened to Christian Canada?" (2006), which examines the historical trajectory of Christianity in Canada.
3. Academic Contributions and Societal Impact
Mark Noll's scholarship has had a substantial influence on the field of American religious history and has engaged with broader societal issues, shaping academic and public understanding.
3.1. Scholarship on American Christianity
Noll has made foundational contributions to the academic study of American Christianity. His work has particularly illuminated its evangelical dimensions, tracing its historical development and analyzing its profound cultural impact. Through his meticulous research, he has enhanced the world's understanding of evangelical convictions and attitudes, both historically and in the present day.
3.2. Analysis of Evangelicalism
A central theme in Noll's work is his critical engagement with the intellectual life, social trends, and historical trajectory of American evangelicalism. He has consistently examined its internal dynamics and public role, notably through his critique of anti-intellectualism within the movement, as articulated in The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind. His analyses encourage evangelicals to embrace intellectual seriousness and rigorous scholarship.
3.3. Intersection of Faith and Public Life
Noll's scholarship deeply explores the complex relationship between religious faith, political action, and national identity in the United States. Through works like The Search for Christian America and One Nation Under God, he encourages a nuanced understanding of these dynamics. He has particularly challenged simplistic narratives of America as a "Christian nation," prompting scholars and the public to consider the mixed religious and secular influences on national formation and the importance of religious pluralism.
3.4. Influence on Historical Scholarship
Noll's work has significantly impacted the methodologies and thematic concerns within the field of American religious history and the study of evangelicalism. His rigorous historical approach and willingness to critically examine his own tradition have helped to elevate the academic study of evangelicalism, moving it beyond mere theological discourse to a robust historical inquiry. He has played a crucial role in shaping scholarly discourse and inspiring future research directions in these fields.
3.5. Public Intellectual Engagement
Beyond his academic contributions, Mark Noll has served as a prominent public intellectual, engaging with broader societal questions concerning faith, culture, and national identity. His writings, lectures, and public appearances have contributed to shaping public understanding of American religious history and the role of faith in contemporary society. His recognition by Time magazine as one of the most influential evangelicals in America highlights his significant reach beyond the academy.
4. Ecumenical Activities
Noll has been actively involved in ecumenical efforts, promoting dialogue and cooperation between different Christian traditions. In 1994, he notably co-signed Evangelicals and Catholics Together, an ecumenical document that articulated the need for greater collaboration between evangelical and Catholic leaders in the United States. This involvement underscores his commitment to fostering interdenominational understanding and unity.
5. Awards and Recognition
Mark Noll has received significant accolades for his academic contributions, recognizing his influence and achievements in the field of historical scholarship.
5.1. Major Honors and Awards
In 2006, Noll was awarded a National Humanities Medal by President George W. Bush in the Oval Office. This prestigious honor underscores his recognized impact and achievements in historical scholarship, particularly in the humanities.
6. Related Figures
Mark Noll's work is often discussed in conjunction with other prominent scholars who have contributed significantly to the understanding of evangelicalism and American religious history. Key figures with whom he has collaborated or whose work is closely related include George Marsden, Nathan O. Hatch, and David Bebbington. These scholars, like Noll, have played a vital role in deepening the world's understanding of evangelical convictions and attitudes, both past and present, providing a rich intellectual context for Noll's own contributions.